From the Guidelines
Approximately 15.5 million children in the United States are exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) annually. This estimate represents about one in five children nationwide who witness violence between parents or caregivers in their homes 1. The exposure varies in severity and frequency, ranging from hearing arguments to directly witnessing physical or sexual violence. Children of all ages can be affected, from infants to teenagers, with potential consequences including emotional trauma, behavioral problems, academic difficulties, and increased risk for mental health issues.
Key Points to Consider
- The prevalence of IPV exposure among children varies by geographic region, socioeconomic status, and other demographic factors, though IPV occurs across all segments of society 1.
- Estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence in the United States indicate that 1 to 4 million women are physically, sexually, or emotionally abused by their intimate partners each year 1.
- Children who witness intimate partner violence are at risk for developmental delay; school failure; violent behavior; and a variety of psychiatric disorders, including depression and oppositional defiant disorder 1.
Potential Consequences and Interventions
- The effects of IPV exposure on children can be both immediate and long-lasting, potentially continuing into adulthood.
- Early intervention through counseling, safe environment creation, and support services can help mitigate the negative impacts on children exposed to such violence.
- Home visit programs directed at high-risk mothers have improved developmental outcomes and decreased the incidence of child abuse and neglect, as well as decreased rates of maternal criminal activity and drug use 1.
From the Research
Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Exposure in Children
- Over 5 million American children are estimated to be exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) annually 2.
- Millions of children witness intimate partner violence (IPV) each year, with substantial effects on their well-being 3.
- It is estimated that 15 million children are exposed to intimate partner violence each year 4.
Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Children
- Children exposed to IPV are at risk of developing posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) 3.
- The effects of IPV exposure on children can be catastrophic and influenced by the number of exposures and available protective factors 2.
- Chronic exposure to IPV is associated with long-term negative effects on child well-being and significant connections between caregiver and child mental health 3.
Laws and Policies Addressing Intimate Partner Violence
- Laws in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the United States focus on addressing IPV committed in the presence of children, with varying penalties and mandates 5.
- Commonly prescribed penalties include stricter sentencing, mandates to pay for counseling for child witnesses, and separate additional criminal charges 5.