Differential Diagnosis for Maculopapular Rash and Sore Throat in Kids
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Viral Pharyngitis: This is the most common cause of sore throat in children, often accompanied by a maculopapular rash. Viruses such as adenovirus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common culprits.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), mono can present with a sore throat, fever, and a maculopapular rash, especially if the child is taking ampicillin.
- Scarlet Fever: Although less common, scarlet fever (caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus) can present with a sore throat and a characteristic rash.
- Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: This viral illness, commonly caused by coxsackievirus A, can present with a maculopapular rash on the hands and feet, along with oral lesions and sore throat.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Kawasaki Disease: A rare but serious condition that can present with fever, rash, and sore throat. If missed, it can lead to coronary artery aneurysms and other serious complications.
- Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: A life-threatening condition caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, which can present with a sore throat, rash, and severe systemic symptoms.
- Lymphogranuloma Venereum: A rare sexually transmitted infection that can cause a sore throat, rash, and other systemic symptoms in children who have been abused.
Rare Diagnoses
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: A tick-borne illness that can present with a maculopapular rash, sore throat, and fever.
- Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease): A viral illness that can cause a characteristic "slapped cheek" rash and sore throat.
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A chronic autoimmune condition that can present with a rash, sore throat, and joint symptoms.