From the Guidelines
Hepatitis A symptoms typically include fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine, and jaundice, with the likelihood of having symptoms increasing with age. According to the updated recommendations from the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) for use of hepatitis A vaccine in close contacts of newly arriving international adoptees 1, the illness caused by HAV typically has an abrupt onset. The symptoms can last less than 2 months, although 10%--15% of symptomatic persons have prolonged or relapsing disease lasting up to 6 months 1.
Some key points to note about Hepatitis A symptoms include:
- The average incubation period is 28 days, with a range of 15--50 days 1
- Peak infectivity occurs during the 2-week period before onset of jaundice or elevation of liver enzymes 1
- Fewer than 10% of infections among children aged 0--4 years result in jaundice, increasing to 80%--90% among adults aged ≥18 years 1
- The case-fatality rate for HAV infection increases with age, with 1.8% for persons adults aged >50 years compared with 0.6% for persons aged <50 years 1
It is essential to seek medical attention promptly if Hepatitis A infection is suspected, for proper diagnosis and guidance on preventing transmission to others. Prevention is most effective through vaccination, which provides long-term immunity, and practicing good hygiene such as thorough handwashing after using the bathroom and before handling food. Management of Hepatitis A focuses on supportive care, including rest, adequate nutrition, and avoiding alcohol.
From the Research
Symptoms of Hepatitis A
The main symptoms of Hepatitis A include:
Disease Characteristics
Hepatitis A is a self-limited disease, meaning it usually resolves on its own without leading to chronic infection or chronic liver disease 2. However, atypical presentations associated with a relapse may persist for several months 3.
Infectious Period
People with Hepatitis A are most infectious 14 days before and seven days after the development of jaundice 2.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis of acute infection requires the use of serologic testing for immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis A antibodies 2. Supportive care is often sufficient for treatment 2.
Prevention
Prevention of Hepatitis A can be achieved through immunization, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of contracting the infection, such as persons who use illegal drugs, those who travel to areas endemic for hepatitis A, incarcerated populations, and persons at high risk of complications from hepatitis A 2, 4. Immune globulin can be used in patients who are too young to be vaccinated or if the vaccine is contraindicated 2, 4.