What causes inward turning of children's feet, also known as intoeing (internal tibial torsion)?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: May 6, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Differential Diagnosis for Children's Feet Turning In

  • Single Most Likely Diagnosis
    • Intoeing (Internal Torsion): This is the most common cause of children's feet turning in, often due to internal torsion of the femur or tibia. It's usually a benign condition that corrects itself as the child grows.
  • Other Likely Diagnoses
    • Metatarsus Adductus: A congenital condition where the feet are curved inward, often due to the shape of the womb during pregnancy. It can be treated with casting or physical therapy.
    • Tibial Torsion: A condition where the tibia (shin bone) twists inward, causing the feet to turn in. It can be treated with physical therapy or bracing.
    • Femoral Anteversion: A condition where the femur (thigh bone) twists inward, causing the feet to turn in. It can be treated with physical therapy or bracing.
  • Do Not Miss Diagnoses
    • Cerebral Palsy: A neurological disorder that can cause muscle stiffness and weakness, leading to intoeing. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability.
    • Neuromuscular Disorders (e.g., Muscular Dystrophy): Conditions that affect the muscles and nerves, leading to intoeing. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the condition.
  • Rare Diagnoses
    • Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus): A congenital condition where the foot is twisted inward and downward. It requires prompt treatment with casting or surgery to correct the deformity.
    • Arthrogryposis: A rare condition where the joints are stiff and curved, leading to intoeing. It requires prompt treatment with physical therapy, casting, or surgery to improve mobility and function.

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.