From the Guidelines
Measles can be fatal due to severe complications such as pneumonia and acute encephalitis, which are the most common causes of death from the disease. The risk of death from measles is greater for certain populations, including infants, young children, and adults, than for older children and adolescents 1. According to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the case-fatality rate for measles can be as high as 25% in developing countries 1.
Some of the severe complications that can arise from measles include:
- Diarrhea, which can lead to severe dehydration
- Middle ear infection, which can cause permanent hearing damage
- Bronchopneumonia, which can lead to respiratory failure
- Encephalitis, which can cause permanent brain damage and mental retardation, occurring in approximately one of every 1,000 reported cases 1
The virus itself also suppresses the immune system for weeks to months after infection, making patients vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections 1. Vaccination with the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine is the most effective way to prevent measles infection and its potentially fatal complications.
In terms of specific populations, children under 5 years old and adults over 20, as well as people with weakened immune systems, are at highest risk for fatal complications 1. It is essential to prioritize vaccination and take measures to prevent the spread of measles, especially in areas with high rates of malnutrition and limited access to healthcare.
From the Research
Factors Contributing to Measles Fatalities
- Vitamin A deficiency is a recognized risk factor for severe measles, which can lead to increased morbidity and mortality 2, 3
- Measles pneumonitis is one of the most lethal complications of measles, affecting the respiratory system 4
- Poor case management, including lack of therapeutic doses of vitamin A, can contribute to higher complication and case fatality rates 3
- Malnutrition and dehydration can exacerbate measles symptoms and increase the risk of fatal outcomes
Role of Vitamin A Supplementation
- Vitamin A supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of mortality in children with measles, particularly when given in two doses 2, 5
- The effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation may vary depending on factors such as dose, formulation, and age of the child 2
- However, some studies have found no significant reduction in mortality with vitamin A supplementation, particularly in high-income countries 6
Importance of Measles Vaccination
- Measles vaccination is highly effective in preventing measles disease and reducing mortality 5
- Vaccination has been shown to be 85% effective in preventing measles disease, and two doses of vaccine can provide even higher protection 5
- Public education and vaccination efforts have led to a significant decrease in global measles deaths, highlighting the importance of vaccination in preventing measles fatalities 4