From the Guidelines
Kerosene ingestion is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention, and the first step is to call poison control or seek emergency medical care without inducing vomiting, as this can cause aspiration of the kerosene into the lungs, leading to chemical pneumonitis. The management of kerosene ingestion is primarily focused on preventing aspiration and supporting respiratory function, as the main danger is aspiration into the lungs rather than systemic toxicity from gastrointestinal absorption 1.
Key Considerations
- Do not induce vomiting, as this can cause aspiration of the kerosene into the lungs, leading to chemical pneumonitis.
- Call poison control (1-800-222-1222 in the US) or seek emergency medical care immediately.
- While waiting for help, do not give the person anything to eat or drink.
- Medical professionals will provide supportive care, which may include oxygen therapy, IV fluids, and monitoring for respiratory complications.
- Activated charcoal is typically not recommended for hydrocarbon poisoning like kerosene, as stated in the guidelines for cardiac arrest in special situations 1.
Prevention and Safety
Prevention is crucial in avoiding kerosene ingestion, especially in children. Always store kerosene and other hydrocarbons in their original containers, out of reach of children, and never transfer them to food or beverage containers that might be mistaken for something drinkable. This simple precaution can significantly reduce the risk of accidental ingestion and subsequent medical emergencies. Additionally, being aware of the potential risks associated with indoor air quality, such as the presence of nitrogen dioxide from kerosene heaters, can help in taking preventive measures to minimize exposure 1.
From the Research
Kerosene Ingestion Overview
- Kerosene ingestion is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children, as reported in studies such as 2 and 3.
- The ingestion of kerosene can lead to various clinical effects, including respiratory distress, vomiting, and central nervous system manifestations, as noted in 2 and 4.
Clinical Effects of Kerosene Ingestion
- Respiratory distress is a common complication of kerosene ingestion, occurring in 76.90% of cases in one study 2.
- Aspiration of kerosene can cause a potentially fatal pneumonitis, with symptoms including cough, wheezing, respiratory distress, and hypoxia, as described in 4.
- Central nervous system manifestations, such as convulsions, can occur in severe cases, as reported in 2 and 4.
Management and Prevention of Kerosene Ingestion
- The management of kerosene ingestion remains a challenge, with the role of antibacterial agents in its management still unsettled, as discussed in 5.
- Chemoprophylaxis may decrease morbidity, with the ampicillin/metronidazole combination found to be slightly better than other regimens in one study 5.
- Government policies and education of parents/caregivers are essential to reduce the frequency of kerosene poisoning, as emphasized in 3.
Mechanisms of Kerosene-Related Toxicity
- Kerosene use can cause harm to various body organs and systems, including the pulmonary system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system, as reviewed in 6.
- The mechanisms of kerosene-related toxicity include induction of inflammation, loss of effectiveness of pulmonary surfactants, and production of highly reactive oxidative metabolites, as discussed in 6.