What is the treatment for Squamous Cell (SCC) anal cancer?

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Last updated: May 9, 2025View editorial policy

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From the Guidelines

El tratamiento estándar para el cáncer de células escamosas anales (cáncer espinocelular anal) es la terapia de quimiorradiación, específicamente el protocolo de Nigro, que combina la radioterapia con quimioterapia concurrente utilizando 5-fluorouracilo (5-FU) y mitomicina C. Typicamente, los pacientes reciben radioterapia de haz externo (45-54 Gy durante 5-6 semanas) junto con 5-FU (1000 mg/m² por día como infusión continua los días 1-4 y 29-32) y mitomicina C (10-15 mg/m² los días 1 y 29) 1. Este enfoque combinado se ha convertido en el estándar de atención porque preserva la función anal mientras logra altas tasas de curación, evitando la necesidad de una colostomía permanente en la mayoría de los pacientes. Para la enfermedad en estadio temprano (T1N0), la excisión local puede ser suficiente si los márgenes están claros y no hay características de alto riesgo. Para la enfermedad avanzada o metastásica, es posible que se necesiten regímenes de quimioterapia más intensivos, y la intervención quirúrgica con resección abdominoperineal se reserva generalmente para los casos que no responden a la quimiorradiación. Los efectos secundarios del tratamiento incluyen reacciones cutáneas, diarrea y mielosupresión, que requieren un seguimiento cuidadoso. El seguimiento regular con examen físico, anoscopia y estudios de imagen es esencial para detectar la recurrencia temprana, con la mayoría de los seguimientos que ocurren cada 3-6 meses durante los primeros 2 años, y luego con menos frecuencia después 1. Es importante tener en cuenta que la evidencia más reciente y de mayor calidad, como la guía de práctica clínica de la ASCO de 2025, debe ser considerada para tomar decisiones informadas sobre el tratamiento del cáncer de células escamosas anales 1.

From the Research

Espinocelular Anal Cancer Treatment

  • The standard treatment for anal cancer includes concurrent chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C (MMC) 2, 3, 4.
  • The Nigro protocol, which involves concurrent chemoradiation, typically radiation with systemic mitomycin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is the current standard of care for anal cancer 3.
  • Studies have compared the use of one versus two cycles of MMC in conjunction with 5-FU, with no significant difference in outcomes found between the two groups 2.
  • Other chemotherapy regimens, such as capecitabine, have been explored as alternatives to 5-FU, with similar levels of toxicity and efficacy reported 5.
  • The use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has also been investigated, with promising results in terms of reducing toxicity and improving outcomes 5.

Treatment Outcomes

  • The overall survival rate for anal cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy is around 80-90% 2, 4.
  • Local control rates range from 67% to 93% depending on the treatment regimen and radiation dose 2, 6.
  • Colostomy-free survival rates are also high, ranging from 88% to 93% 2, 4.
  • Toxicity rates vary depending on the treatment regimen, with grade 3 or higher toxicities reported in around 45-55% of patients 5.

Future Directions

  • Further studies are needed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of different chemotherapy regimens and radiation techniques 2, 5.
  • The role of immunotherapy and other novel treatments in the management of anal cancer is also an area of ongoing research 3.
  • Multidisciplinary care and treatment in specialized centers is recommended to improve outcomes and quality of life for anal cancer patients 4.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: Comparison of one versus two cycles mitomycin-C.

Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 2015

Research

Anal cancer: ESMO-ESSO-ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.

European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology, 2014

Research

Chemoradiation therapy for anal cancer: radiation plus continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil with or without cisplatin.

Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 1993

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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