From the Research
Geographic tongue is a benign condition characterized by smooth red patches with white borders that migrate across the tongue surface, and its exact cause remains unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition, immune system irregularities, and environmental triggers. The condition is associated with several factors, including:
- Family history
- Allergies
- Hormonal changes
- Psychological stress
- Vitamin B deficiencies
- Certain skin conditions like psoriasis, as suggested by 1 Some people experience flare-ups when consuming spicy foods, acidic fruits, alcohol, or tobacco. The condition is not infectious or cancerous, and though it may cause burning or sensitivity in some people, it's generally harmless and doesn't require treatment unless symptoms are bothersome. According to 2, the diagnosis of geographic tongue is mainly clinical, and it is an asymptomatic disorder that usually requires no treatment. However, for those experiencing discomfort, avoiding trigger foods, using mild oral hygiene products, and occasionally using over-the-counter pain relievers or prescribed anti-inflammatory mouth rinses can help manage symptoms. Additionally, a study by 3 found that patients with geographic tongue had lower levels of salivary zinc compared to the control group, suggesting a potential link between zinc deficiency and the condition. It's worth noting that the most recent study 1 discusses the involvement of certain oral bacteria and the association between geographic tongue and psoriasis, highlighting the complexity of the condition. Overall, while the exact cause of geographic tongue remains unknown, managing symptoms and avoiding trigger factors is the best approach to alleviate discomfort and improve quality of life.