Differential Diagnosis for Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Reactive lymphadenitis: This is the most common cause of cervical lymphadenopathy, often resulting from a viral upper respiratory tract infection. The lymph nodes typically return to normal size within a few weeks.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Tuberculosis: A common cause of cervical lymphadenopathy worldwide, especially in endemic areas. It often presents with chronic lymphadenopathy, fever, and weight loss.
- Streptococcal or staphylococcal infections: Bacterial infections such as strep throat or skin infections can cause cervical lymphadenopathy.
- Mononucleosis: Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, this condition often presents with fever, sore throat, and fatigue, in addition to lymphadenopathy.
- Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can cause cervical lymphadenopathy, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Lymphoma: Both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma can present with cervical lymphadenopathy. It is crucial to consider this diagnosis to initiate prompt treatment.
- Metastatic cancer: Cancers such as head and neck, thyroid, or lung cancer can metastasize to cervical lymph nodes, making early detection critical.
- HIV infection: Cervical lymphadenopathy can be an early sign of HIV infection, and prompt diagnosis is essential for treatment and prevention of complications.
Rare Diagnoses
- Sarcoidosis: A systemic granulomatous disease that can cause cervical lymphadenopathy, although it is less common.
- Castleman disease: A rare lymphoproliferative disorder that can present with cervical lymphadenopathy.
- Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: A rare, self-limiting condition that causes cervical lymphadenopathy, often accompanied by fever and night sweats.
- Kimura disease: A rare, chronic inflammatory disorder that can cause cervical lymphadenopathy, often associated with eosinophilia and IgE elevation.