Differential Diagnosis for Calciphylaxis
- Single most likely diagnosis
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with secondary hyperparathyroidism: This condition is the most common cause of calciphylaxis, as it leads to an imbalance of calcium and phosphate metabolism, resulting in calcification of soft tissues.
- Other Likely diagnoses
- Vitamin K deficiency: Vitamin K plays a crucial role in the activation of matrix Gla protein, which inhibits arterial calcification. A deficiency in vitamin K can contribute to the development of calciphylaxis.
- Warfarin use: Long-term use of warfarin can lead to calciphylaxis, possibly due to its effect on vitamin K-dependent proteins.
- Obesity: Obesity is a known risk factor for calciphylaxis, possibly due to chronic inflammation and metabolic disturbances.
- Do Not Miss (ddxs that may not be likely, but would be deadly if missed.)
- Vasculitis (e.g., ANCA-associated vasculitis): Although less common, vasculitis can present with similar skin lesions and would require prompt treatment to prevent serious complications.
- Infectious diseases (e.g., bacterial or fungal infections): Infections can cause skin lesions that resemble calciphylaxis, and delaying treatment can lead to severe consequences.
- Malignancy (e.g., underlying cancer): Some cancers, such as multiple myeloma, can increase the risk of calciphylaxis, and early detection is crucial for treatment.
- Rare diagnoses
- Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE): A rare genetic disorder characterized by calcification of elastic fibers in the skin, retina, and cardiovascular system.
- Beta-2 microglobulin amyloidosis: A rare condition associated with long-term hemodialysis, which can cause calcification and amyloid deposition in soft tissues.