From the Guidelines
Urgent dialysis is indicated for life-threatening conditions such as severe hyperkalemia, refractory metabolic acidosis, volume overload, uremic encephalopathy, and uremic pericarditis, as well as certain drug overdoses, and should be initiated based on a composite assessment of a person’s symptoms, signs, quality of life, preferences, level of GFR, and laboratory abnormalities, as recommended by the KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline 1. The most critical indications for urgent dialysis include:
- Severe hyperkalemia (potassium >6.5 mEq/L with ECG changes)
- Refractory metabolic acidosis (pH <7.1)
- Volume overload causing pulmonary edema unresponsive to diuretics
- Uremic encephalopathy
- Uremic pericarditis
- Certain drug overdoses (particularly those with dialyzable toxins like lithium, salicylates, methanol, or ethylene glycol) Additionally, urgent dialysis should be considered for patients with acute kidney injury who have significant uremia (BUN >100 mg/dL), especially when symptomatic, as well as for patients with tumor lysis syndrome who have persistent hyperkalemia, severe metabolic acidosis, volume overload unresponsive to diuretic therapy, and overt uremic symptoms, including pericarditis and severe encephalopathy 2. The decision to initiate urgent dialysis is based on the severity of metabolic derangements and clinical presentation rather than absolute laboratory values alone, and should take into account the patient's quality of life, preferences, and level of GFR, as recommended by the KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline 1. Hemodialysis is typically preferred for urgent situations due to its rapid correction of electrolyte abnormalities and removal of toxins, though continuous renal replacement therapy may be used in hemodynamically unstable patients. Prompt recognition and treatment of these conditions is essential as delays can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory failure, seizures, coma, or death.
From the Research
Indications for Urgent Dialysis
- Congestive heart failure (CHF) and hyperkalemia are the two leading reasons for emergency dialysis among individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) 3
- Severe hyperkalemia (serum potassium > 7.0 mmol/L) is an uncommon electrolyte abnormality in patients undergoing maintenance peritoneal dialysis (PD) and can be an indication for urgent dialysis 4
- Life-threatening electrolyte disturbances, particularly hyperkalemia and hypercalcemia, are common in dialysis patients and can require urgent dialysis 5
- Fluid overload, electrolytic disorders, acute kidney injury, and post-surgery kidney function worsening are common reasons for urgent-start dialysis 6
- Acute kidney injury or acute renal failure, particularly in critically ill patients with hemodynamic compromise, can require emergent dialysis 7
Specific Conditions Requiring Urgent Dialysis
- Hepatorenal syndrome
- Cardiorenal syndrome
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Tumor lysis syndrome 7
Patient-Related Factors for Urgent-Start Dialysis
- Living alone
- Low health literacy
- Heart failure
- Hyperpolypharmacy (taking >10 drugs) 6