What are the causes of transient global amnesia or short-term memory loss?

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Last updated: May 19, 2025 • View editorial policy

From the Guidelines

Short-term memory loss can be caused by a multitude of factors, including aging, certain medications, alcohol or drug use, head injuries, lack of sleep, stress, depression, anxiety, vitamin B12 deficiency, thyroid problems, and neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease or stroke, as highlighted in a recent study 1. When considering the potential causes of short-term memory loss, it is essential to take into account the complex interplay of various factors that can contribute to this condition. Some common medications that may affect memory include sleeping pills, antihistamines, antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and some pain medications. Medical conditions such as seizures, brain tumors, infections affecting the brain, and autoimmune disorders can also lead to memory problems.

Key Factors Contributing to Short-Term Memory Loss

  • Aging
  • Certain medications
  • Alcohol or drug use
  • Head injuries
  • Lack of sleep
  • Stress
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Thyroid problems
  • Neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease or stroke Lifestyle factors play a significant role too - poor nutrition, dehydration, and excessive alcohol consumption can impair memory function.

Importance of Early Evaluation

Early evaluation for common, treatable, and potentially reversible causes of cognitive impairment is crucial, as it can help mitigate family and marital discord, risk of home and community mishaps, caregiver burden, and the likelihood of financial fraud or other exploitation of the patient, as noted in a study published in the Journal of Internal Medicine 1.

Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management

A comprehensive diagnostic approach, including a thorough medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and structural brain imaging, is essential for accurately diagnosing the underlying cause of short-term memory loss, as recommended in a recent review 2. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medication adjustments, treating medical conditions, cognitive rehabilitation, lifestyle modifications like improved sleep habits and stress management, and memory exercises. If you're experiencing persistent memory issues, it's essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation, as some causes are reversible when addressed promptly. The brain's memory processes involve complex neural networks, and disruptions to these pathways through chemical imbalances, structural changes, or inflammation can interfere with the encoding and retrieval of recent memories, as discussed in a study published in Nature Reviews Neurology 3.

From the Research

Causes of Short Term Memory Loss

  • Benzodiazepines have been shown to cause severe, harmful psychological and physical dependence, leading to withdrawal symptoms, which can include short term memory loss 4
  • The use of benzodiazepines and related drugs has been associated with an increased risk of stroke among persons with Alzheimer's disease, which can also lead to short term memory loss 5
  • However, the relationship between benzodiazepine use and dementia is complex, and some studies suggest that the association may be driven by confounding factors such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, and anxiety 6
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been linked to an increased risk of dementia, which can cause short term memory loss, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood 7, 8
  • TBI with loss of consciousness was not associated with an increased risk of dementia in some studies, suggesting that the relationship between TBI and short term memory loss may be more complex than previously thought 8

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.