There are no official guidelines to assist in answering this question. I will search for relevant research papers instead.
From the Research
Incidence of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in Acute Liver Failure (ALF)
- The incidence of DIC in patients with liver disease is reported to be 15.8% 1
- A study of 204 cases of DIC found that the underlying disorders included liver disease in 2.9% of cases, with an incidence of DIC of 15.8% in this subgroup 1
- Another study reported a case of DIC in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and acute liver dysfunction, highlighting the rare but possible occurrence of DIC in this context 2
- The pathogenesis of DIC is complex and involves tissue factor-initiated coagulation disorder, resulting in disseminated microblood clots 3, 4
- The clinical manifestations of DIC can vary depending on the underlying etiology, with some patients experiencing bleeding, organ failure, or both 1
Clinical Manifestations of DIC in ALF
- Bleeding was observed in 31.9-50.0% of DIC patients with liver disease 1
- Organ failure was observed in 21.7-33.3% of DIC patients with liver disease 1
- The clinical manifestations of DIC can be influenced by the underlying pathomechanisms, including excessive fibrinolysis and endothelial dysfunction 1, 4
Diagnosis and Management of DIC in ALF
- The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) established a DIC diagnostic scoring system consisting of global haemostatic test parameters 3
- The management of DIC should involve the specific and vigorous treatment of the underlying conditions, as well as simultaneous management of DIC to improve patient outcomes 3
- The use of DIC scores, such as the CLIF-C OF-DICs score, can improve the accuracy of prognosis prediction in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure 5