Case 1: Headache Cluster
- Single most likely diagnosis: Migraine or Cluster Headache
- Justification: Headache cluster history suggests a recurrent or episodic condition, with migraine and cluster headache being common causes.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Tension Headache, Sinusitis
- Justification: These conditions are also common causes of headache and may present with similar symptoms.
- Do Not Miss: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Meningitis
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Trigeminal Neuralgia, Temporal Arteritis
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe headache and require specific treatment.
Case 2: Baby with Rash and Pus
- Single most likely diagnosis: Allergic Reaction to Amoxicillin
- Justification: The baby's symptoms, including a generalized maculopapular rash and pus on the tonsils, are consistent with an allergic reaction to amoxicillin.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Viral Pharyngitis, Bacterial Tonsillitis
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including a rash and pus on the tonsils.
- Do Not Miss: Epiglottitis, Kawasaki Disease
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Scarlet Fever, Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 3: Full Cardio PE
- Single most likely diagnosis: Chronic Liver Disease
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including gynecomastia and a history of smoking, are consistent with chronic liver disease.
- Other Likely diagnoses: COPD, Heart Failure
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including shortness of breath and fatigue.
- Do Not Miss: Pulmonary Embolism, Cardiac Tamponade
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Constrictive Pericarditis, Cardiac Sarcoidosis
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 4: Acute Otitis Media
- Single most likely diagnosis: Bacterial Otitis Media
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including pus coming out of the ear and a perforated tympanic membrane, are consistent with bacterial otitis media.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Viral Otitis Media, Otitis Externa
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including ear pain and discharge.
- Do Not Miss: Mastoiditis, Brain Abscess
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Cholesteatoma, Otosclerosis
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 5: GDM Follow-up
- Single most likely diagnosis: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
- Justification: The patient's symptoms and history are consistent with gestational diabetes mellitus.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Type 2 Diabetes, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including high blood sugar and insulin resistance.
- Do Not Miss: Preeclampsia, Fetal Growth Restriction
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Cushing's Syndrome
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 6: Fall Case
- Single most likely diagnosis: Urinary Tract Infection
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including a red and tender left loin area and a positive urinalysis, are consistent with a urinary tract infection.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Pyelonephritis, Kidney Stone
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including flank pain and hematuria.
- Do Not Miss: Sepsis, Kidney Injury
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Renal Cell Carcinoma, Wilms Tumor
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 7: Acute Cholecystitis
- Single most likely diagnosis: Acute Cholecystitis
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including a positive Murphy's sign and unstable vital signs, are consistent with acute cholecystitis.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Biliary Colic, Choledocholithiasis
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including abdominal pain and jaundice.
- Do Not Miss: Sepsis, Gallbladder Perforation
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Gallbladder Cancer, Sclerosing Cholangitis
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 8: Ectopic Pregnancy
- Single most likely diagnosis: Ectopic Pregnancy
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including tenderness at the fallopian tube, are consistent with an ectopic pregnancy.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Ovarian Cyst, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding.
- Do Not Miss: Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy, Ovarian Torsion
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Molar Pregnancy, Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 9: OCD
- Single most likely diagnosis: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including excessive time spent on assignments and sent by the university counselor, are consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Anxiety Disorder, Depression
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including excessive worry and rumination.
- Do Not Miss: Psychotic Disorder, Bipolar Disorder
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are severe and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Tourette's Syndrome, Trichotillomania
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 10: Pseudodementia
- Single most likely diagnosis: Depression
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including forgetfulness and irritability, are consistent with depression.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Anxiety Disorder, Dementia
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including memory impairment and mood changes.
- Do Not Miss: Neurodegenerative Disease, Delirium
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are severe and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Frontotemporal Dementia, Huntington's Disease
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 11: HTN Medication
- Single most likely diagnosis: Uncontrolled Hypertension
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including high blood pressure and non-adherence to medication, are consistent with uncontrolled hypertension.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Cardiovascular Disease, Kidney Disease
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including high blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors.
- Do Not Miss: Hypertensive Emergency, Cardiac Arrest
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Pheochromocytoma, Cushing's Syndrome
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 12: Baby Drooling and Crying
- Single most likely diagnosis: Esophageal Foreign Body
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including drooling and crying, are consistent with an esophageal foreign body.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Esophagitis
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including vomiting and abdominal pain.
- Do Not Miss: Esophageal Perforation, Mediastinitis
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Esophageal Atresia, Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 13: Rectal Bleeding
- Single most likely diagnosis: Anal Fissure
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including rectal bleeding and no fissures on digital rectal examination, are consistent with an anal fissure.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Hemorrhoids, Diverticulitis
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including rectal bleeding and abdominal pain.
- Do Not Miss: Colon Cancer, Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are severe and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Angiodysplasia, Rectal Varices
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 14: RA Patient
- Single most likely diagnosis: Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Justification: The patient's symptoms and history are consistent with rheumatoid arthritis.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Osteoarthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including joint pain and swelling.
- Do Not Miss: Septic Arthritis, Crystal Arthropathy
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are severe and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Lupus, Sjögren's Syndrome
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.
Case 15: Tiredness Cluster
- Single most likely diagnosis: Anemia
- Justification: The patient's symptoms, including tiredness, are consistent with anemia.
- Other Likely diagnoses: Hypothyroidism, Adrenal Insufficiency
- Justification: These conditions can also cause similar symptoms, including fatigue and weakness.
- Do Not Miss: Sleep Apnea, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Justification: Although less likely, these conditions are severe and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
- Rare diagnoses: Addison's Disease, Cushing's Syndrome
- Justification: These conditions are less common but can cause severe symptoms and require specific treatment.