What is the cause of pain with a normal heart size, unremarkable mediastinum (middle section of the chest cavity), clear lungs, and no acute skeletal abnormality?

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Last updated: May 22, 2025View editorial policy

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Differential Diagnosis

Given the impression that no cause for pain was identified, the following differential diagnoses can be considered:

  • Single most likely diagnosis
    • Musculoskeletal strain or injury: This is a common cause of pain that may not be visible on radiographs, especially if the injury is soft tissue-related or not severe enough to cause significant bone or joint abnormalities.
  • Other Likely diagnoses
    • Gastrointestinal issues (e.g., gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease): These conditions can cause chest or abdominal pain and may not be evident on a radiograph focused on the lungs and skeletal system.
    • Pulmonary embolism (with a normal chest radiograph): While the lungs are described as clear, a pulmonary embolism can sometimes present with a normal chest X-ray, especially if it's small or peripheral.
    • Costochondritis or Tietze's syndrome: Inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone can cause chest pain and may not be visible on radiographs.
  • Do Not Miss (ddxs that may not be likely, but would be deadly if missed)
    • Aortic dissection: Although the mediastinum is described as unremarkable, a small or early dissection might not be visible on a standard chest X-ray. This condition is life-threatening and requires immediate attention.
    • Pneumothorax (small or anterior): A small pneumothorax, especially if it's anterior, might not be evident on a standard upright chest X-ray.
    • Cardiac conditions (e.g., myocardial infarction, pericarditis): These can cause chest pain and may not always have radiographic findings, especially early in the course of the disease.
  • Rare diagnoses
    • Pneumomediastinum: Air in the mediastinum can cause chest pain and might not always be visible if the amount of air is small.
    • Esophageal rupture or perforation: A rare but serious condition that can cause severe chest pain and may not have obvious radiographic signs, especially if the perforation is small.
    • Spinal or neurologic causes of pain (e.g., spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis): These conditions can cause pain and may not be evident on a chest or abdominal radiograph, requiring further imaging or clinical evaluation for diagnosis.

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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