What is the most likely cause of meningitis in a patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: May 23, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Differential Diagnosis for Meningitis in Someone with AIDS

  • Single most likely diagnosis
    • Cryptococcal meningitis: This is the most common cause of meningitis in patients with AIDS, particularly those with CD4 counts below 100 cells/μL. Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus that can cause severe and life-threatening meningitis in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Other Likely diagnoses
    • Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasma gondii can cause meningitis or encephalitis in patients with AIDS, especially those with CD4 counts below 200 cells/μL.
    • Tuberculous meningitis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause meningitis in patients with AIDS, particularly in those from endemic areas or with a history of tuberculosis.
    • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) meningitis: CMV can cause meningitis or encephalitis in patients with AIDS, especially those with CD4 counts below 100 cells/μL.
  • Do Not Miss (ddxs that may not be likely, but would be deadly if missed.)
    • Listeria monocytogenes meningitis: Although less common, Listeria monocytogenes can cause severe meningitis in immunocompromised individuals, including those with AIDS.
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis: Bacterial meningitis, including S. pneumoniae, can occur in patients with AIDS and may have a higher mortality rate due to immunocompromised status.
  • Rare diagnoses
    • Candida meningitis: Candida species can cause meningitis in patients with AIDS, particularly those with a history of neurosurgery, central nervous system devices, or prolonged antibiotic use.
    • Histoplasma capsulatum meningitis: Histoplasma capsulatum can cause meningitis in patients with AIDS, especially those from endemic areas or with a history of histoplasmosis.
    • Coccidioides immitis meningitis: Coccidioides immitis can cause meningitis in patients with AIDS, particularly those from endemic areas or with a history of coccidioidomycosis.

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.