From the Guidelines
You can test for immunity to measles through laboratory tests, such as the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which detect measles-specific antibodies. The most commonly used test is the measles IgG antibody test, which checks for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies that develop after exposure to the measles virus through either natural infection or vaccination 1. A positive result indicates immunity, while a negative result suggests you're not immune. This test requires a simple blood draw and results are typically available within a few days.
Key Points to Consider
- Healthcare providers often recommend this test for people who are unsure of their vaccination status, those who work in healthcare settings, individuals planning international travel, or during measles outbreaks.
- Testing is particularly important because measles is highly contagious, and knowing your immunity status can help determine if you need vaccination.
- The MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine provides effective protection against measles, with two doses providing approximately 97% immunity 1.
- If testing reveals you're not immune, vaccination is recommended unless medically contraindicated.
Laboratory Testing for Measles Immunity
Persons who have measles-specific antibody that is detectable by any serologic test are considered immune 1. Persons with an "equivocal" test result should be considered susceptible unless they have other evidence of measles immunity or subsequent testing indicates they are immune. All new cases of suspected measles should be confirmed by laboratory testing.
From the Research
Measles Immunity Testing
- Measles immunity can be tested through antibody assays, but these assays have limitations, such as not measuring functional (neutralizing) antibodies 2.
- Commercially available antibody assays are designed to measure naturally acquired antibodies rather than those induced by vaccination, making them unreliable for measuring immunity against measles 2.
- The 2-dose MMR immunization concept is more effective, efficient, and reliable than a single dose strategy based on a post-dose 1 positive anti-measles-IgG test 2.
Antibody Response to Measles Vaccination
- Studies have shown that antibody levels against measles can wane over time, leaving individuals susceptible to infection 3, 4.
- A third dose of MMR vaccine can provide additional protection against measles, with antibody levels remaining elevated for at least 3 years after vaccination 3.
- However, not all studies have found compelling evidence to support a routine third dose of MMR vaccine 4.
Measles Vaccine Administration Routes
- Different routes of administration, such as intradermal and aerosol, are being explored for their potential to induce a stronger immune response to measles vaccine 5.
- A randomized controlled trial is currently underway to compare the immunogenicity and safety of MMR vaccine delivered by different routes in previously vaccinated young adults 5.