From the Research
Pneumomediastinum in infants is typically not life-threatening, though it requires prompt medical attention to prevent potential complications such as tension pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax, which may rapidly become life-threatening 1. Most cases resolve spontaneously within a few days with supportive care, including oxygen supplementation if needed, pain management, and close monitoring. However, pneumomediastinum can occasionally indicate a more serious underlying condition or lead to complications. The condition occurs when air leaks into the mediastinum (the space between the lungs), often due to alveolar rupture from increased intrathoracic pressure during crying, coughing, or respiratory distress. Warning signs that require immediate medical intervention include:
- Significant respiratory distress
- Cyanosis
- Hemodynamic instability
- Signs of tension pneumomediastinum with cardiovascular compromise Treatment is generally conservative, focusing on treating underlying causes like asthma or respiratory infections, providing supplemental oxygen when necessary, and ensuring adequate pain control. Invasive procedures are rarely needed unless there are severe complications or tension pneumomediastinum developing. Parents should be reassured about the generally good prognosis while understanding the importance of medical monitoring during recovery, as supported by recent studies 2, 3. It's also important to note that the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool can be beneficial in accurately diagnosing pneumomediastinum in infants, especially when radiography is inconclusive 1. Overall, while pneumomediastinum in infants is usually not life-threatening, it's crucial to approach each case with caution and provide appropriate medical attention to prevent potential complications.