Using the provided NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology study guide, add the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and pharmacological treatment for each listed disease.

{
  "question": "Using the provided study guide, add information below each line of text explaining the pathophysiology, presentation of, and pharmacological treatment of the diseases/processes: NR507 – Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Study Guide – Midterm Study Guide\n\nExam Format: Noncumulative\nQuestion Type: Multiple Choice\nNumber of Questions: 100\nTime Allotted: 120 minutes\nTesting Timeframe: The midterm exam will only be available starting on Wednesday Week 4 at 12:01 am MT until Saturday Week 4 at 11:59 pm MT.\n\n1. Exam Coverage\nContent Areas:\n• Week 1: Immunological Pathologies\n• Week 2: Hematological and Cardiovascular Pathologies\n• Week 3: Pulmonary Pathologies\n• Week 4: Urinary System Pathologies\n\n2. Key Concepts to Study\nAlterations in Immunity and Inflammation:\n• Pathophysiology of the four types of hypersensitivity reactions\n• Prototype diseases that reflect each of the four types of hypersensitivity (i.e. Type IV-contact dermatitis) and signs and symptoms\n• Treatment options for diseases under each hypersensitivity category\n• Pathophysiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)\n• Pathophysiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)\n• Diagnosis of SLE, including autoantibodies involved\n• Clinical symptoms of SLE\n• Treatment options for SLE including treatment during flare-ups\n• Alloimmune phenomenon\n• Differentiation between primary and secondary immunodeficiency including causes\n• Common variable immunodeficiency\nHematological Pathologies:\n• Pathophysiology of microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic anemias\n• Pathophysiology of anemia of chronic disease\n• Pathophysiology of folate deficiency\n• Pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia\n• Red blood cell production and the role of erythropoietin\n• Lab markers used in diagnosing anemia (e.g. iron deficiency and vitamin B-12 deficiency)\n• Risk factors for iron deficiency anemia\n• Risk factors for megaloblastic anemia\n• Risk factors for hemolytic anemia\n• Lab markers for normocytic anemia\n• Treatment of beta-thalassemia major\n• Implications for giving attenuated vaccines to compromised individuals\nCardiovascular Pathologies:\n• Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD)\n• Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD\n• Differentiate between HDL and LDL cholesterol\n• Total cholesterol ranges (normal vs. high)\n• Primary and secondary causes of dyslipidemia\n• Pathophysiology of right and left-sided heart failure\n• Risk factors for heart failure\n• Stages of heart failure according to the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)\n• Pharmacological management for Stage B and Stage C heart failure\n• Purpose of the NYHA Functional Classification of Heart Failure\n• Signs and symptoms of right and left-sided heart failure, including heart sounds\n• Ejection fraction as a parameter for heart failure\n• Pathophysiology of the heart valve disorders: aortic stenosis/regurgitation and mitral stenosis/regurgitation\n• Murmur characteristics of heart valve disorders\n• Risk factors for developing heart valve disorders\nPulmonary Pathologies:\n• Mechanics of breathing\n• Pathophysiology of obstructive and restrictive disorders\n• Pulmonary function tests that represent an obstructive or restrictive disorder\n• Pathophysiology, signs and symptoms and treatment of chronic bronchitis\n• Pathophysiology, signs and symptoms and treatment of emphysema\n• Differentiate between the types of emphysema\n• Pathophysiology, signs and symptoms and treatment of asthma\n• Pharmacological management of an asthma attack\n• Client education for the asthma patient\n• Pathophysiology of interstitial lung disease (ILD)\n• Physical exam findings for ILD\nUrinary System Pathologies:\n• Pathophysiology of a urinary tract infection (UTI)\n• Signs and symptoms of cystitis\n• Complicated vs. uncomplicated UTIs\n• Pathophysiology of acute pyelonephritis\n• Diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis\n• Pathophysiology of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)\n• Risk factors for BPH\n• Treatment of BPH\n• Pathophysiology of renal calculi\n• Signs and symptoms of renal calculi\n• Differentiate between functional and urge incontinence\n• Risk factors for urge incontinence\n• Pathophysiology of acute (prerenal, intrinsic, post-renal) and chronic renal failure, including stages\n• eGFR values that represent the stages of CRF\n• Risk factors for developing prerenal failure\n• Risk factors for developing intrinsic renal failure\n• Diagnosing chronic renal failure\n• Treatment of acute kidney injury\n• Uremic syndrome, including signs and symptoms by body systems\n• Consequences of decreased renal production of Vitamin D\n• Causes of dyslipidemia in individuals with chronic kidney disease\n• Role of ACE inhibitors in managing chronic kidney disease\n• Endocrine and cardiovascular complications as a result of chronic kidney disease\n• Azotemia\n\n4. Recommended Resources\nTextbook Chapters: Rogers, J. L. (2023). McCance & Huether's pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (9th ed.). Elsevier.\n• Chapter 9: Alterations in Immunity & Inflammation, pp. 255-279\n• Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System\n• Chapter 29: Alterations of Hematologic Function\n• Chapter 30: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children\n• Chapter 32: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function\n• Chapter 34: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System\n• Chapter 35: Alterations in Pulmonary Function\n• Chapter 37: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urinary System\n• Chapter 38: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function, pp. 1242-1245\n• Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System, pp. 842-844\nCanvas Modules: Weeks 1-4\nEdapt Modules: Weeks 1-4\nSupplemental Resources (optional): Weekly Clinical Reasoning webinars\n\n6. Exam Logistics & Reminders\n• Platform: ExamSoft\n• Open/Closed Book: Closed\n• Proctoring Method: Assessment monitoring software with environmental scan\n• Assessment Integrity: You are expected to comply with the Student Code of Conduct, the Chamberlain University Technical Requirements found in the Academic Catalog, all University Assessment Requirements during testing, the third-party assessment platform's End User License Agreement, and use the most recent version of the third-party assessment platform's software. Failure to adhere may result in academic integrity and/or professional conduct inquiry.\n\n7. Course Leader Notes/Advice\n✓ Topics and content on guides are intended to focus student attention when reading/studying, and some topics may be repeated in multiple chapters.\n✓ Multiple test items are derived from the same topic areas to encourage deeper comprehension.\n✓ Students must have a broad understanding of content and not simply memorize passages in textbooks.\n✓ Exam questions represent various levels of cognitive learning. You are expected to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate patient scenarios to answer the questions.\n✓ Utilize your time well by not rushing. You will have plenty of time to read each question for understanding before you select your final answer."
}