What parameters should be evaluated in pleural fluid analysis?

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Last updated: September 28, 2026 • View editorial policy

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胸水検査で調べるべき項目

胸水検査では、まず蛋白とLDHを測定してLight基準により滲出液と漏出液を鑑別し、その後、細胞診、培養検査、細胞数、グルコース、ADA、pHを臨床状況に応じて追加すべきです。122

基本的な検査項目(全例で実施)

滲出液・漏出液の鑑別

  • 胸水蛋白と血清蛋白の比 (>0.5で滲出液)
  • 胸水LDHと血清LDHの比 (>0.6で滲出液)
  • 胸水LDH (血清正常上限の0.67倍以上で滲出液)

Light基準は感度98%、特異度72%で滲出液を検出します1。血清検体が入手できない場合は、胸水LDH>血清正常上限の67%かつコレステロール>55 mg/dLの組み合わせがLight基準と同等の診断能を示します1。

重要な注意点: Light基準で心不全や肝硬変が滲出液と誤分類される場合(約25-30%)、アルブミン勾配(血清アルブミン-胸水アルブミン)>1.2 g/dLで約80%を正しく漏出液に再分類できます1。

心不全が疑われる場合

  • NT-proBNP(胸水または血清): >1500 μg/mLで心不全関連胸水を示唆(感度94%、特異度91%)1

臨床状況別の追加検査

悪性胸水が疑われる場合

  • 細胞診: 25-50 mLの検体を提出(最低25 mL、可能なら50 mL)22
  • 検体は直接塗抹とセルブロック法で処理すべきです22
  • 注意: 中皮腫では細胞診の感度が低いため、陰性でも組織生検を考慮22

感染性胸水が疑われる場合

  • グラム染色と培養: 通常容器と血液培養ボトル(好気性・嫌気性)の両方に提出22
  • 血液培養ボトルには5-10 mL接種(検体量が少ない場合は2-5 mLを優先的に血液培養ボトルへ)22
  • 細胞数と分類
  • グルコース: 低値は腫瘍負荷が高く予後不良を示唆3
  • pH: 低値は予後不良と関連3

結核性胸膜炎が疑われる場合

  • ADA(アデノシンデアミナーゼ):
    • 高有病率地域: >45 IU/Lで結核性胸膜炎を強く示唆4
    • 低有病率地域: 除外診断として有用22
  • インターフェロンγ: >3.7 U/mLで診断的4
  • 培養と感受性検査のための組織採取が最優先22

膠原病関連胸水が疑われる場合

  • 抗核抗体(ANA): ループス胸膜炎の診断を支持22

その他の有用な検査

  • アミラーゼ: 膵性胸水や食道破裂で上昇4
  • コレステロール: 単独でも滲出液・漏出液の鑑別に有用(感度93.5%、特異度100%)56
  • 外観の観察: 血性、乳び性、膿性などの肉眼的特徴を必ず記録4

診断精度を高める戦略

複数マーカーの組み合わせにより診断精度が大幅に向上します3。例えば、胸水コレステロールとLDHの組み合わせは、Light基準より高い特異度と精度を示します6。

画像ガイド下穿刺を常に使用して合併症リスクを低減すべきです22。

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