From the Guidelines
For an undrained peri-anal abscess, the recommended antibiotics include broad-spectrum coverage with a combination of metronidazole 500 mg orally three times daily plus either ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily or levofloxacin 500 mg once daily for 7-10 days, as suggested by the most recent guidelines 1. The choice of antibiotics should target the typical polymicrobial nature of these infections, which include both aerobic bacteria (E. coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus) and anaerobes (Bacteroides) 1. However, it's crucial to understand that antibiotics alone are generally insufficient treatment for peri-anal abscesses, and the definitive treatment is surgical drainage, as antibiotics cannot adequately penetrate the abscess cavity 1. Antibiotics should be considered as adjunctive therapy, particularly in patients who are immunocompromised, have significant cellulitis, systemic symptoms, or when drainage must be delayed 1. Some key points to consider when choosing antibiotics for an undrained peri-anal abscess include:
- The potential for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, which may require the addition of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or doxycycline to the treatment regimen 1
- The importance of sampling drained pus in cases with risk factors for multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection, in case of recurrent infections or non-healing wounds, and in high-risk patients (e.g., HIV, immunocompromised patients, etc.) 1
- The need for prompt surgical evaluation, as delaying drainage can lead to extension of infection and more complicated disease 1.
From the Research
Antibiotics for Undrained Peri-Anal Abscess
- The most effective antibiotics for an undrained peri-anal abscess are not well established, but some studies suggest that ciprofloxacin and metronidazole may be beneficial 2, 3, 4.
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study found that ciprofloxacin was well tolerated and resulted in higher rates of remission and response compared to metronidazole and placebo 2.
- A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial is currently investigating the addition of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and metronidazole) to surgical drainage of perianal abscess to prevent perianal fistula development 3.
- A randomized single blind clinical trial found that postoperative prophylactic antibiotic therapy including ciprofloxacin and metronidazole significantly reduced the rate of fistula formation after incision and drainage of perianal abscess 4.
- The SICCR position statement on evaluation and management of perianal abscess and anal fistula provides evidence-based recommendations for individualized management of patients, but does not specifically address the use of antibiotics for undrained peri-anal abscess 5.
- One study is not relevant to this question as it discusses genetic and cytogenetic studies of the malate dehydrogenases of Drosophila melanogaster 6.