From the FDA Drug Label
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS Precise frequency data are not available. Lactulose may produce gaseous distention with flatulence or belching and abdominal discomfort such as cramping in about 20% of patients. Excessive dosage can lead to diarrhea with potential complications such as loss of fluids, hypokalemia, and hypernatremia. Nausea and vomiting have been reported.
The potential side effects of Kalimate include:
- Gaseous distention with flatulence or belching
- Abdominal discomfort such as cramping (in about 20% of patients)
- Diarrhea with potential complications such as:
- Loss of fluids
- Hypokalemia
- Hypernatremia
- Nausea and vomiting 1
From the Research
Kalimate (calcium polystyrene sulfonate) can cause severe gastrointestinal side effects, including intestinal obstruction and necrosis, as reported in a comprehensive review of case reports published in 2021 2. The potential side effects of Kalimate include:
- Common side effects: constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort
- More serious side effects: electrolyte imbalances, particularly low potassium (hypokalemia), low calcium (hypocalcemia), and high sodium (hypernatremia)
- Rare but serious side effects: intestinal obstruction, intestinal necrosis, and fecal impaction, especially in patients with reduced gut motility or certain risk factors like recent surgery or bowel disorders
- Allergic reactions: skin rash, itching, or swelling
According to a case report published in 2013, Kalimate can cause acute intestinal obstruction due to the formation of a large amount of intraluminal affected Kalimate in the gastrointestinal tract 3. The 2021 review of case reports highlights the importance of careful prescribing and monitoring of patients taking Kalimate, especially those with predisposing factors such as uremia, hypertension, and transplantation 2. It is essential for patients to ensure adequate fluid intake while taking Kalimate to prevent constipation and to report any severe abdominal pain, bloody stools, or significant changes in bowel habits to their healthcare provider immediately. Monitoring electrolyte levels during treatment is also crucial to prevent electrolyte imbalances. While other studies discuss the management of nausea and vomiting 4, 5 and the side effects of other medications like amiodarone 6, these are not directly relevant to the side effects of Kalimate. Therefore, the most critical consideration for patients taking Kalimate is to be aware of the potential for severe gastrointestinal side effects and to take steps to prevent and monitor for these complications.