From the Research
The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown, but several factors, including allergies and sensitivity to certain foods, particularly spicy foods like chili, as well as zinc deficiency, may contribute to its development. The condition is characterized by irregular central erythematous patches on the tongue, which are caused by the loss of filiform papillae, and are defined by an elevated whitish band-like border that can change location, size, and pattern over time 1. Some of the factors that have been suggested to contribute to the development of geographic tongue include:
- Immunological factors
- Genetic factors
- Atopic or allergic tendency
- Emotional stress
- Tobacco consumption
- Hormonal disturbances
- Zinc deficiency 1 A recent study found that chili can be a risk factor for geographic tongue, and avoiding chili and using benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash can improve symptoms 2. Another study found that patients with geographic tongue had lower levels of salivary zinc compared to the control group, suggesting that zinc deficiency may play a role in the development of the condition 3. Based on the most recent and highest quality study, it is recommended to avoid allergens such as chili and to consider zinc supplementation or topical zinc treatment to manage geographic tongue symptoms 2. In addition to these measures, maintaining good oral hygiene, avoiding irritants such as tobacco and alcohol, and managing stress and anxiety may also help to alleviate symptoms. It is also important to note that geographic tongue is often associated with other conditions, such as psoriasis, and may be a sign of an underlying systemic disease, so a thorough medical evaluation is necessary to rule out any underlying conditions 4.