What is the management approach for a patient presenting with renal colic symptoms without evidence of kidney stones?

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From the Guidelines

无结石的患者应优先进行症状控制和进一步的诊断评估。首先,应进行痛苦管理,使用非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)如酮洛拉辛(30mg IV或10mg口服,每6小时)作为首选治疗,或使用阿片类药物如吗啡(4-10mg IV)进行严重疼痛的治疗。同时,应保持充足的水分摄入,但不推荐强制性地增加水分摄入量。进一步的诊断评估包括进行综合的尿液分析、尿培养(如果怀疑感染)、全血细胞计数和肾功能测试。可能需要进行额外的影像学检查,如增强CT、MRI尿路成像或延迟超声波检查,以检测小的结石或其他病变。应考虑的替代诊断包括肾盂肾炎、阑尾炎、憩室炎、卵巢病变或肌肉骨骼疾病。患者应被建议过滤尿液以捕获任何通过的结石进行分析。在1-2周内进行随访,以重新评估症状和审查测试结果。如果症状持续没有明确的诊断,转介给泌尿科医生进行专门的评估和管理是合适的1

在无结石的患者中,CT腹部和盆腔无IV对比剂检查可能在某些临床情况下有用,特别是在评估症状性患者时,当超声波检查不确定时1。此外,研究表明,任何程度的肾盂肿胀在紧急科超声波检查中都可以使CT上的输尿管结石的存在更为可能(阳性预测值88%,可能性比2.91),但缺乏肾盂肿胀并不能排除该诊断(阴性预测值65%,可能性比0.22)1。因此,应根据患者的具体情况和临床表现选择合适的诊断和治疗方法。在评估无结石的患者时,应考虑到最近的研究结果和临床指南,如acr appropriateness criteria1和medical management of kidney stones: aua guideline1

From the Research

无结石的管理方法

  • 当患者出现肾绞痛症状但无结石证据时,管理方法包括:
    • 痛苦管理:首选非甾体抗炎药2
    • 影像学检查:推荐使用肾脏超声波检查作为首选成像方式2, 3
    • 代谢检查:对于高风险患者,推荐进行代谢检查2, 4
    • 饮食干预:建议增加液体摄入以减少结石复发的风险2, 4
  • 如果患者没有结石,但出现了肾绞痛症状,可能需要进行进一步的检查以确定症状的原因5
  • 管理无结石的患者需要个体化的方法,包括评估风险因素、制定治疗计划和进行随访6

影像学检查

  • 肾脏超声波检查是首选的成像方式,尤其是在孕妇中2, 3
  • 计算机断层扫描(CT)是金标准,但由于辐射和高成本,通常不作为首选3
  • 超声波检查的准确性可以通过调整参数和使用新技术来提高3

痛苦管理

  • 非甾体抗炎药是首选的止痛药2, 4
  • 医学排石疗法(MET)可以用于促进结石的排出2, 4

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Kidney Disease: Kidney Stones.

FP essentials, 2021

Research

Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention.

American family physician, 2019

Research

Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management.

Lancet (London, England), 2006

Research

Medical evaluation of nephrolithiasis.

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 2002

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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