From the Guidelines
Exposure to ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing hypertension (HTN), particularly with high doses and longer periods following exposure. The relationship between ionizing radiation and hypertension is complex and dose-dependent, with high doses damaging vascular endothelial cells, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and eventual arterial stiffening—all factors that contribute to elevated blood pressure 1. This effect has been observed in studies of radiation workers, atomic bomb survivors, and patients receiving radiotherapy. Key factors that contribute to the development of hypertension after radiation exposure include:
- Radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction
- Increased oxidative stress
- Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system These factors collectively contribute to vascular damage and hypertension development. However, typical low-level radiation exposure from medical imaging procedures like X-rays or CT scans is unlikely to cause hypertension. For those with significant radiation exposure history, regular blood pressure monitoring is advisable, with standard hypertension management including lifestyle modifications (reduced sodium intake, regular exercise, weight management) and medication if necessary 1.
From the Research
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Hypertension (HTN)
- Exposure to ionizing radiation has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension (HTN) 2, 3, 4, 5.
- A study of atomic bomb survivors found a significant association between radiation dose and increased hypertension incidence, suggesting that radiation dose may be associated with chronic renal failure (CRF), which can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease 2.
- Another study found that patients undergoing prostate radiation therapy were at risk of developing radiation-associated hypertension (RAH), with 36 patients out of 76 developing RAH during or after treatment 4.
- The mechanisms underlying radiation-induced cardiovascular damage, including oxidative stress and inflammation, have been highlighted in multiple studies 3, 5.
- While high-dose ionizing radiation exposure is known to cause cardiovascular complications, the effects of low-dose radiation on the heart are still debated, with some studies suggesting potential beneficial effects 5.
- The relationship between radiation dose and hypertension risk has been observed in various cohorts, including atomic bomb survivors and patients undergoing radiation therapy for cancer 2, 3, 4.