Differential Diagnosis for Hematuria and Leukocytes in Urine

Single Most Likely Diagnosis

• Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): This is the most likely diagnosis given the presence of blood and leukocytes in the urine. UTIs are common in women and can cause hematuria (blood in urine) and pyuria (leukocytes in urine).

Other Likely Diagnoses

• Kidney Stones: Kidney stones can cause hematuria and may also lead to a UTI, which would explain the presence of leukocytes.
• Cystitis: Interstitial cystitis or other forms of cystitis can cause hematuria and may have associated leukocytes, although this is less common than UTI.

Do Not Miss Diagnoses

• Bladder Cancer: Although less common, bladder cancer can present with painless hematuria and could potentially have associated leukocytes if there is a secondary infection.
• Kidney Cancer: Similar to bladder cancer, kidney cancer can cause hematuria and is a critical diagnosis not to miss.
• Sepsis from a UTI: In rare cases, a UTI can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate treatment.

Rare Diagnoses

• Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, which can cause hematuria and may have associated leukocytes, although this is less common.
• Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: Inflammation of the tubules and interstitial tissue of the kidneys, which can cause hematuria and may have associated leukocytes.
• Vasculitis: Certain types of vasculitis, such as IgA vasculitis, can cause hematuria and may have associated leukocytes, although these conditions are rare.