From the Research
The extensor hallucis longus muscle functions primarily to extend the big toe and assist with dorsiflexion of the ankle joint, playing a crucial role in the normal gait cycle, particularly during the swing phase when it lifts the big toe to prevent it from dragging on the ground. The extensor hallucis longus is a thin, elongated muscle located in the anterior compartment of the lower leg, originating from the middle portion of the fibula and the interosseous membrane, running down the leg, and inserting on the distal phalanx of the big toe. Some key points about the extensor hallucis longus muscle include:
- It plays a crucial role in the normal gait cycle, particularly during the swing phase when it lifts the big toe to prevent it from dragging on the ground.
- The extensor hallucis longus also assists with dorsiflexion of the ankle joint, helping to lift the foot upward.
- Clinically, weakness in this muscle can result in foot drop or difficulty clearing the toe during walking, while testing its function involves having a patient extend their big toe against resistance.
- The muscle receives its blood supply from the anterior tibial artery and is innervated by the deep peroneal nerve (L4-S1), making it vulnerable in conditions like peroneal nerve injury or compression, as reported in various studies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The most recent and highest quality study on this topic is from 2021, which highlights the importance of early diagnosis and surgical repair of extensor hallucis longus tendon injuries to prevent deformity and gait disturbance 1. In terms of treatment, the study suggests that scar tissue reconstruction is as effective as tendon autografting or allografting, eliminates the risk of donor site morbidity and infection, and requires only a small incision and a short operative time 1. Overall, the extensor hallucis longus muscle plays a vital role in foot function and gait, and its injury or weakness can have significant consequences for mobility and quality of life.