Papilledema: This condition, characterized by swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure, is a common cause of swelling in the back of the eye. It can result from various factors, including brain tumors, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve can cause swelling in the back of the eye. It is often associated with multiple sclerosis but can also be caused by infections or autoimmune disorders.
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO): This condition involves blockage of the main vein that drains blood from the retina, leading to swelling and potentially severe vision loss.
Diabetic Papillopathy: In people with diabetes, high blood sugar levels can cause swelling of the optic disc, similar to papilledema but without the increased intracranial pressure.

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: A blood clot in the cavernous sinus, a group of veins located behind the eye, is a medical emergency that can lead to severe complications, including blindness and death.
Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma: A tumor growing around the optic nerve can cause swelling and vision problems. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment.
Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AAION): This condition, often associated with giant cell arteritis, can cause sudden and severe vision loss due to inflammation of the arteries supplying the optic nerve.

Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON): A rare inherited disorder that causes progressive loss of vision, particularly in young adult males, due to mitochondrial DNA mutations affecting the optic nerve.
Sarcoidosis: A systemic disease that can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the eyes, leading to swelling and vision problems.
Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can reactivate in the eye and cause swelling and inflammation, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.