Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML): This is a rare and often fatal viral disease caused by the JC virus that affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It leads to the destruction of the myelin sheath covering nerve cells in the brain, which can cause a variety of neurological symptoms including vision problems, weakness, and cognitive difficulties.

Toxoplasmosis: A common opportunistic infection in people with HIV/AIDS, which can cause lesions in the brain leading to neurological symptoms such as vision disturbances, weakness, and seizures.
CNS Lymphoma: A type of cancer that can occur in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It can cause a variety of neurological symptoms depending on the location of the tumor, including vision problems and weakness.
Cryptococcal Meningitis: An infection caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans fungus, which can cause meningitis in people with HIV/AIDS, leading to symptoms such as vision disturbances, headache, and weakness.

Stroke: Although less common in HIV patients without other risk factors, a stroke can cause sudden onset of weakness, vision disturbances, and other neurological symptoms. It is critical to diagnose and treat promptly to minimize brain damage.
CNS Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis can affect the central nervous system and cause a variety of symptoms including vision problems, weakness, and cognitive difficulties. It is particularly important to consider in HIV patients due to their increased susceptibility to TB.

Primary CNS Vasculitis: An inflammation of the blood vessels in the brain, which can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms including vision disturbances and weakness. It is rare but can be seen in HIV patients.
West Nile Virus Encephalitis: A viral infection that can cause inflammation of the brain, leading to symptoms such as weakness, vision problems, and cognitive difficulties. It is more common in certain geographic areas and during specific times of the year.