What is the Glucose, Insulin, and Potassium (GKI) regimen for diabetic patients as inpatients?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: July 10, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Glucose-Insulin-Potassium (GIK) Regimen for Diabetic Inpatients

For diabetic inpatients, continuous intravenous insulin infusion is the preferred method for achieving glycemic targets in the critical care setting, while a basal-bolus insulin regimen is recommended for non-critically ill patients rather than a GIK regimen. 1

Critical Care Setting Management

Preferred Approach

  • Continuous intravenous insulin infusion is the most effective method for glycemic control in critically ill patients 1
  • Target blood glucose range: 140-180 mg/dL (7.8-10.0 mmol/L) 1
    • Lower targets (80-110 mg/dL) have been associated with increased mortality and 10-15 fold higher rates of hypoglycemia 1

Implementation of Insulin Infusion

  • Administer based on validated written or computerized protocols 1
  • Allow for predefined adjustments in infusion rate based on:
    • Glycemic fluctuations
    • Insulin dose requirements
  • Frequent monitoring required:
    • Blood glucose testing every 30 minutes to 2 hours 1

Transitioning from IV to Subcutaneous Insulin

When transitioning from IV insulin to subcutaneous regimen, consider:

  • Patient stability (stable glucose measurements for 4-6 hours)
  • Resolution of acidosis if diabetic ketoacidosis was present
  • Hemodynamic stability (not on vasopressors)
  • Stable nutrition plan 1

Calculate subcutaneous insulin requirements based on IV infusion rates:

  • Use average insulin infusion rate over previous 12 hours
  • Example: Average of 1.5 units/hour = approximately 36 units/24 hours total daily dose 1

Non-Critical Care Setting Management

Recommended Regimen

  • For patients with good nutritional intake: Basal, prandial, and correction insulin components 1
  • For patients with poor oral intake or NPO: Basal insulin plus correction insulin 1

Important Considerations

  • Sliding scale insulin alone is strongly discouraged 1
  • For patients who are eating:
    • Perform glucose monitoring before meals
    • Align insulin injections with meals
  • For patients not eating:
    • Monitor glucose every 4-6 hours
    • Consider administering rapid/short-acting insulin every 4-6 hours 1

Glucose-Insulin-Potassium (GIK) Specific Information

While current guidelines don't recommend GIK as standard care for all diabetic inpatients, some research has shown potential benefits in specific scenarios:

  • Surgical settings: GIK has been used successfully in diabetic patients undergoing surgery, particularly cardiac surgery 2, 3
  • Benefits observed in some studies include:
    • More stable cardiac index 3
    • Shorter mechanical ventilation time 3
    • Reduced incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation 3
    • Better glycemic control with less insulin consumption 3, 4

GIK Protocol Components (when used)

  • Typical composition: 10 units of soluble insulin per 500 ml of 10% glucose (0.32 units/g glucose) with potassium supplementation 2
  • Requires careful monitoring of:
    • Blood glucose levels
    • Potassium levels (to prevent hypokalemia)
    • Sodium levels (may decrease during infusion) 2

Monitoring Recommendations

  • Bedside glucose monitoring:
    • For eating patients: Before meals
    • For non-eating patients: Every 4-6 hours
    • For IV insulin: Every 30 minutes to 2 hours 1
  • Potassium monitoring:
    • Particularly important during treatment of hyperglycemic crises
    • Hypokalaemia is common (about 50%) and severe hypokalaemia (<2.5 mEq/L) is associated with increased mortality 1

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

  1. Using sliding scale insulin alone (reactive approach) instead of scheduled insulin regimens (proactive approach) 1
  2. Failing to transition appropriately from IV to subcutaneous insulin
  3. Inadequate monitoring of potassium levels during insulin therapy
  4. Targeting overly strict glycemic control (80-110 mg/dL), which increases hypoglycemia risk and mortality 1
  5. Insufficient monitoring frequency when using IV insulin

While some historical and specialized surgical settings have used GIK regimens with success, current guidelines from major diabetes organizations recommend continuous IV insulin for critical care and basal-bolus regimens for non-critical care settings as the standard of care for inpatient diabetes management.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Management of diabetes during surgery with glucose-insulin-potassium infusion.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 1986

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.