Thyroid Ophthalmopathy: This condition is a common cause of extraocular movement abnormalities, particularly in patients with a history of thyroid disease. It leads to restrictive myopathy, causing limitations in eye movements.

Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, leading to fluctuating weakness of the extraocular muscles and resulting in abnormal eye movements.
Cranial Nerve Palsies (III, IV, VI): These palsies can result from various causes such as diabetes, hypertension, or aneurysms, affecting the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, respectively, and leading to specific patterns of extraocular movement abnormalities.
Orbital Myositis: Inflammation of the extraocular muscles, which can cause pain, swelling, and restricted eye movements.

Aneurysm (e.g., Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm): Although less common, an aneurysm pressing on the third cranial nerve can cause sudden onset of diplopia and extraocular movement abnormalities, which is a medical emergency.
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: A rare but potentially life-threatening condition that can cause multiple cranial nerve palsies, including those affecting extraocular movements.
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by inflammation of the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure, leading to painful ophthalmoplegia.

Gradenigo’s Syndrome: A rare condition caused by inflammation of the petrous apex, leading to a combination of symptoms including extraocular movement abnormalities due to involvement of the cranial nerves.
Moebius Syndrome: A congenital neurological disorder characterized by facial paralysis and impaired eye movements due to abnormal development of the sixth and seventh cranial nerves.
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO): A rare mitochondrial disorder that leads to progressive weakness of the external eye muscles, resulting in bilateral ptosis and limited eye movements.