Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): This is the most common cause of dysuria in older adults, especially in men. The risk of UTI increases with age due to factors like prostatic enlargement, which can obstruct urine flow and lead to infection.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of the prostate gland can cause urinary symptoms, including dysuria, due to obstruction of urine flow.
Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland can cause dysuria, along with other symptoms like pelvic pain and urinary frequency.
Urethral Stricture: Narrowing of the urethra can cause obstructive urinary symptoms, including dysuria.

Kidney Stones: Although less common, kidney stones can cause severe dysuria and should not be missed due to the potential for severe pain and complications like kidney damage.
Bladder Cancer: While less likely, bladder cancer can present with dysuria and hematuria, making it a critical diagnosis not to miss due to its significant implications for treatment and prognosis.
Pyelonephritis: An infection of the kidney, which can present with dysuria, flank pain, and systemic symptoms like fever. Missing this diagnosis could lead to severe complications, including sepsis.

Interstitial Cystitis: A chronic condition causing bladder pressure, bladder pain, and sometimes pelvic pain. The symptoms can include dysuria, but it's less common in men and often diagnosed after excluding other causes.
Urethral Cancer: A rare type of cancer that can cause dysuria, among other urinary symptoms. Due to its rarity, it's often considered after more common causes have been ruled out.