What toxins are implicated in fertility problems in males and females, and which are evidence-based?

From the Guidelines

Exposure to certain toxins, including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has been linked to fertility problems in both males and females, and minimizing exposure to these toxins is crucial to reduce the risk of reproductive issues.

Toxins Affecting Fertility

Several studies have investigated the impact of various toxins on fertility in both males and females. For instance, a study published in 2022 found that exposure to BPA and phthalates can disrupt ovarian function and hormone regulation in females 1. Another study found that PFOA exposure can affect sperm quality and testosterone levels in males [@124@].

• Heavy metals like lead and cadmium can damage sperm quality and production, while mercury exposure has been associated with reduced sperm count and motility.
• Pesticides, particularly organophosphates and organochlorines, can disrupt hormone function and impair sperm parameters.
• BPA and phthalates found in plastics can decrease sperm quality and testosterone levels.
• Air pollutants, such as particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, can reduce fertility in both sexes.
• Certain solvents like glycol ethers can affect sperm quality and menstrual cycles.

Preventive Measures

To minimize exposure to these toxins and reduce the risk of fertility problems, individuals can take several preventive measures:

• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
• Reduce plastic use, especially heating food in plastic.
• Choose organic foods when possible.
• Filter drinking water to reduce exposure to heavy metals and other toxins.
• Minimize exposure to industrial chemicals.
• Be cautious with personal care products containing phthalates or parabens.

Evidence-Based Recommendations

The evidence suggests that minimizing exposure to BPA, phthalates, and PFOA is essential to reduce the risk of fertility problems. A study published in 2022 found that prenatal exposure to a mixture of different phthalates increases the risk of mammary carcinogenesis in F1 female offspring [@129@]. Another study found that perinatal exposure to BPA alters reproductive parameters and gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling in female rats [@116@].

• The use of plastics and personal care products containing BPA and phthalates should be limited.
• Exposure to pesticides and heavy metals should be minimized.
• A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, can help reduce the risk of fertility problems.

From the Research

Toxins Implicated in Fertility Problems

Toxins implicated in fertility problems in males and females include:

• Phthalates 2
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 2
• Aromatic amines 2
• Organophosphate esters 2
• Pesticides and herbicides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dibromochloropropane (DBCP), organophosphates, and atrazine 2
• Endocrine disrupting compounds including plastic compounds and bisphenol A (BPA) 2, 3, 4, 5
• Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury 3, 4, 5
• Air pollution 3
• Non-ionizing radiation 2
• Noise pollution 2
• Certain chemicals used in plastic, cosmetic, and sanitary product industries 5
• Cigarette smoke 5
• Agrochemicals 5

Evidence-Based Toxins

Evidence-based toxins that affect fertility include:

• Occupational exposure to toxic substances such as benzene, toluene, and ionizing radiation 4, 6
• Exposure to environmental toxins such as bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1-trichloroethane 4
• Certain medications and lifestyle factors including diet, obesity, caffeine use, smoking, and alcohol and drug use 2