From the Guidelines
The most scientifically proven dietary supplements a person should consider are limited, and the current evidence does not support the use of most supplements for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Based on the study by the US Preventive Services Task Force 1, there is inadequate evidence to support the benefits of supplementation with multivitamins, individual vitamins, or minerals to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease or cancer in healthy populations without known nutritional deficiencies. Some key points to consider:
- The USPSTF found adequate evidence that supplementation with β-carotene or vitamin E does not reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease or cancer, and β-carotene may even increase the risk for lung cancer in certain individuals 1.
- The evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of supplementation with multivitamins or single/paired nutrients (except β-carotene or vitamin E) for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer 1.
- Given the lack of strong evidence supporting the use of most supplements, it is essential to focus on a balanced diet and consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.
- In general, a healthcare provider may recommend supplements such as vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, or a basic multivitamin for individuals with specific nutritional deficiencies or increased risk factors, but these recommendations should be personalized and based on individual needs.
From the FDA Drug Label
The FDA drug label does not answer the question.
From the Research
Dietary Supplements with Scientific Evidence
- Omega-3 fatty acids: The most compelling evidence for the cardiovascular benefit provided by omega-3 fatty acids comes from large controlled trials, showing reductions in cardiovascular events of 19% to 45% 2, 3, 4.
- Vitamin A and iron: Supplementation with vitamin A and iron in developing countries can help meet requirements for individuals at risk of deficiencies, particularly women of reproductive age, infants, and children 5.
- Folic acid: Folic acid supplementation among women of reproductive age and during pregnancy is recommended to prevent deficiencies 5.
- Vitamin D: Vitamin D supplementation among infants, children, and adults aged ≥65 years can help ensure bone health 5.
- Calcium: Calcium supplementation, particularly in combination with vitamin D, can help ensure bone health among adults aged ≥65 years 5, 6.
- Multivitamins: Daily low-dose multivitamin supplementation has been linked to reductions in the incidence of cancer and cataracts, especially among men 5.
Targeted Supplementation
- Omega-3 fatty acids: Target DHA and EPA consumption levels are about 1 g/d for those with known coronary artery disease and at least 500 mg/d for those without disease 2.
- Hypertriglyceridemia: Patients with hypertriglyceridemia benefit from treatment with 3 to 4 g/d of DHA and EPA, a dosage that lowers triglyceride levels by 20% to 50% 2, 3, 4.
- Calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc: Many people, particularly women, do not consume adequate amounts of these minerals from diet alone, and supplementation may be necessary 6.