Musculoskeletal strain: This is often the most common cause of spinal pain, resulting from overuse, poor posture, or direct injury to the muscles and ligaments surrounding the spine. Justification: High prevalence in the general population, especially in individuals with sedentary lifestyles or those involved in heavy lifting.

Herniated disc: A condition where the soft inner gel of the disc leaks out through a tear in the outer layer, potentially irritating nearby nerves and causing pain. Justification: Common in individuals with a history of heavy lifting, bending, or sudden twisting motions.
Degenerative disc disease: A condition characterized by the wear and tear of spinal discs, leading to loss of disc height and potentially causing pain. Justification: Prevalent in older adults due to the natural aging process.
Spondylosis: A defect in the pars interarticularis, the thin piece of bone that connects the superior and inferior articular facets of the spine. Justification: Often seen in young athletes involved in sports that include repetitive hyperextension of the spine.
Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear of the spinal joints, leading to pain and stiffness. Justification: Common in older adults as part of the aging process.

Cauda equina syndrome: A serious condition that occurs when the nerves in the spinal canal are compressed, leading to loss of bladder and bowel control, among other symptoms. Justification: Requires immediate medical attention to prevent permanent damage.
Spinal infection (e.g., osteomyelitis, discitis): Infections of the spine that can lead to severe consequences if not promptly treated. Justification: Although less common, the potential for serious morbidity and mortality warrants careful consideration.
Spinal tumor: Abnormal cell growth in or around the spine, which can compress nerves and cause pain. Justification: Early detection is crucial for effective treatment and improving outcomes.
Fracture: A break in one of the bones of the spine, which can be traumatic or pathologic (due to osteoporosis or tumor). Justification: Especially important to consider in patients with significant trauma, osteoporosis, or cancer history.

Ankylosing spondylitis: A form of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, although other joints can also be involved. Justification: Less common than other forms of arthritis but important to consider in patients with chronic back pain and stiffness, especially those with a family history.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A group of disorders that affect connective tissues supporting the skin, bones, blood vessels, and many other organs and tissues. Justification: Rare condition that can lead to spinal instability and pain.
Scheuermann's kyphosis: A condition that affects the upper back, leading to an abnormal curvature of the spine. Justification: Typically identified in adolescents and can cause back pain and cosmetic concerns.