Differential Diagnosis for Sudden Onset of Dyspnea
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Pulmonary Embolism (PE): This is often considered the most likely diagnosis due to its high prevalence and potential for severe consequences if not promptly treated. Sudden onset of dyspnea is a classic symptom, along with chest pain and cough.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Acute Asthma Exacerbation: Sudden onset of dyspnea, wheezing, and cough can be indicative of an asthma attack, especially in individuals with a history of asthma.
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation: Similar to asthma, a sudden worsening of symptoms in a patient with COPD can lead to dyspnea.
- Pneumonia: Acute infection of the lungs can cause sudden onset of dyspnea, along with fever, cough, and chest pain.
- Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS): Although more commonly associated with chest pain, ACS can also present with dyspnea as the primary symptom, especially in diabetic or elderly patients.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Cardiac Tamponade: A life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, leading to impaired heart function. Dyspnea can be a presenting symptom, along with hypotension and jugular venous distension.
- Tension Pneumothorax: A medical emergency where air enters the pleural space and is unable to escape, causing the lung to collapse. Sudden onset of dyspnea and chest pain are key symptoms.
- Anaphylaxis: A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can cause dyspnea due to airway constriction, along with other symptoms like rash, hypotension, and gastrointestinal distress.
Rare Diagnoses
- Pulmonary Venous Thrombosis: A rare condition where a blood clot forms in the pulmonary veins, which can cause sudden dyspnea.
- Amniotic Fluid Embolism: A rare but potentially fatal condition that occurs during pregnancy, where amniotic fluid enters the maternal circulation, causing a severe reaction.
- High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): A rare condition that occurs in individuals who ascend to high altitudes too quickly, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs and dyspnea.