What is the treatment for mediastinitis?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: July 29, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Treatment of Mediastinitis

The treatment of mediastinitis depends on its etiology, with aggressive surgical drainage and appropriate antimicrobial therapy forming the cornerstone of management for most types of mediastinitis. 1

Classification and Etiology-Based Treatment Approach

1. Acute Mediastinitis

A. Post-surgical Mediastinitis (after cardiac/thoracic surgery)

  • Primary treatment:
    • Surgical debridement of infected tissue
    • Broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting Staphylococci (predominant pathogens) 1
    • Initial empiric regimen: Beta-lactams alone or combined with metronidazole
    • For MRSA risk: Add vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin
    • Duration: Minimum 2-3 weeks of IV antibiotics followed by oral therapy

B. Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis (from oropharyngeal/odontogenic infections)

  • Primary treatment:
    • Aggressive surgical drainage through transcervical approach 2
    • Early CT scanning for diagnosis and surgical planning
    • Broad-spectrum antibiotics covering polymicrobial infections with anaerobes
    • Carbapenems have shown good efficacy against isolated organisms 2
    • Consider tracheostomy if infection extends below the carina

C. Esophageal Perforation-related Mediastinitis

  • Primary treatment:
    • Immediate surgical repair of perforation
    • Mediastinal drainage
    • Broad-spectrum antibiotics covering polymicrobial infections with anaerobes 1
    • Nutritional support (often parenteral initially)

2. Chronic/Granulomatous Mediastinitis

A. Fungal Mediastinitis (Histoplasmosis)

  • For Mediastinal Fibrosis (Fibrosing Mediastinitis):

    • Antifungal treatment is not recommended as it does not ameliorate outcomes 3
    • Placement of intravascular stents for pulmonary vessel obstruction 3
    • If clinical findings cannot differentiate from mediastinal granuloma, a 12-week trial of itraconazole (200 mg once or twice daily) may be considered 3
  • For Granulomatous Mediastinitis:

    • For severe obstructive complications: Amphotericin B (0.7-1.0 mg/kg/day) initially 3
    • Switch to itraconazole (200 mg once or twice daily) after improvement 3
    • For mild-moderate cases with symptoms >1 month: Itraconazole (200 mg once or twice daily for 6-12 weeks) 3
    • For severe cases with airway obstruction: Prednisone (0.5-1.0 mg/kg daily, maximum 80 mg) in tapering doses over 1-2 weeks 3
    • Surgical resection of obstructive masses if medical therapy fails 3

Antimicrobial Selection Based on Pathogen

  1. Bacterial mediastinitis:

    • Polymicrobial infections: Beta-lactams + metronidazole
    • Staphylococcal infections: Vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin for MRSA risk
    • Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria: Consider polymyxins, glycylglycines, or new beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations 1
  2. Fungal mediastinitis:

    • Histoplasmosis: Itraconazole 200 mg once or twice daily (for granulomatous type only)
    • Other fungi (Candida, Aspergillus): Azoles, amphotericin B, or echinocandins 1

Important Clinical Considerations

  • Early diagnosis using CT scanning is crucial for successful management 4, 2
  • Surgical drainage and debridement are essential components of treatment for acute mediastinitis
  • Mediastinitis remains a severe infection with high mortality requiring early and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy 1
  • For fibrosing mediastinitis, mechanical interventions like stenting may be more beneficial than antimicrobial therapy 3
  • Duration of therapy is not well established in comparative studies 1

Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Delaying surgical intervention in acute mediastinitis
  • Relying solely on chest radiography, which may be misleading; cross-sectional imaging is generally required 4
  • Treating fibrosing mediastinitis with antifungals, as they are typically ineffective 3
  • Failing to recognize the distinction between granulomatous mediastinitis (which may respond to antifungals) and fibrosing mediastinitis (which typically does not)
  • Underestimating the severity and potential mortality of mediastinitis, particularly descending necrotizing mediastinitis 5

References

Research

[Rational antibiotic treatment of mediastinitis].

Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen, 2016

Research

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis due to odontogenic infections.

Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 2000

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Mediastinitis: a life-threatening complication of acute tonsillitis.

The Journal of laryngology and otology, 2005

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.