What is the duration of action of a diltiazem (calcium channel blocker) bolus?

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Duration of Action of Diltiazem Bolus

The duration of action of an intravenous diltiazem bolus typically lasts 1-3 hours, with maximal heart rate reduction occurring within 2-7 minutes after administration. 1

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

  • Initial onset: Following IV bolus administration, the response usually occurs within 3 minutes 1
  • Peak effect: Maximal heart rate reduction generally occurs in 2-7 minutes 1
  • Duration: Heart rate reduction typically lasts 1-3 hours 1
  • Plasma half-life: Approximately 3.4 hours 1
  • Clearance: Diltiazem exhibits systemic clearance of approximately 65 L/h in healthy individuals, but this decreases to approximately 36 L/h in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter 1

Clinical Applications

Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Management

  • Diltiazem is administered as a 0.25 mg/kg (typically 15-20 mg) IV bolus over 2 minutes 2, 3
  • If inadequate response after 15 minutes, a second bolus of 0.35 mg/kg (20-25 mg) IV can be administered 2, 3
  • Following bolus administration, a continuous infusion (5-15 mg/hour) is typically started to maintain rate control 2, 3

Supraventricular Tachycardia Management

  • For PSVT, diltiazem is highly effective with a success rate of up to 100% in some studies 4
  • When the first bolus is ineffective, a second bolus given after 5 minutes often succeeds 4

Important Considerations

Monitoring Requirements

  • Continuous ECG monitoring is essential during and after diltiazem bolus administration 3, 1
  • Blood pressure should be monitored frequently as hypotension may occur and can last 1-3 hours 1

Potential Adverse Effects

  • Hypotension: If it occurs, it is generally short-lived but may last from 1-3 hours 1
  • Bradycardia: Due to AV nodal blocking properties 2
  • Heart failure exacerbation: In patients with pre-existing ventricular dysfunction 2, 5

Contraindications

  • Avoid in patients with:
    • AV block greater than first degree or SA node dysfunction (without pacemaker) 2
    • Decompensated heart failure or severe LV dysfunction 2
    • Pre-excited atrial fibrillation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) 1
    • Severe hypotension 3

Transitioning to Oral Therapy

After achieving rate control with IV diltiazem, transition to oral therapy is often necessary:

  • Oral long-acting diltiazem maintains heart rate control in approximately 77% of patients when transitioned from IV therapy 6
  • Typical oral maintenance dose is 120-360 mg daily (extended release) 3

Comparison to Other Rate Control Agents

  • Diltiazem acts more rapidly than digoxin, with significant heart rate reduction within 5 minutes compared to 3 hours for digoxin 7
  • Unlike beta-blockers, diltiazem has direct effects on the AV node without significant effects on His-Purkinje tissue 8

In emergency situations, having a clear understanding of diltiazem's duration of action is critical for appropriate dosing and monitoring. The 1-3 hour duration of a single bolus explains why continuous infusion is typically required for sustained rate control in clinical practice.

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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