Graves' Disease: This is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, leading to exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and vision problems due to inflammation and swelling of tissues around the eye. It's a common cause of bulging eyes in children and can be associated with vision issues.

Orbital Cellulitis: An infection of the tissues surrounding the eye, which can cause bulging of the eye (proptosis) and vision problems. It's a significant concern in pediatric patients due to the potential for serious complications.
Thyroid Ophthalmopathy (not necessarily due to Graves' Disease): Similar to Graves' Disease, but not all cases are due to autoimmune hyperthyroidism. It can still cause bulging eyes and affect vision.
Congenital Glaucoma: A condition present at birth that can cause increased pressure in the eye, leading to bulging and vision problems. It's essential to diagnose early to prevent permanent vision loss.

Rhabdomyosarcoma: A type of cancer that can occur in the orbit, causing proptosis and vision issues. Although rare, missing this diagnosis could be fatal.
Retinoblastoma: A cancer of the retina that can cause vision problems and, in advanced cases, bulging of the eye. Early detection is crucial for treatment and survival.
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis: A blood clot in the cavernous sinus, which can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. It can cause proptosis, vision loss, and other neurological symptoms.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1): A genetic disorder that can cause tumors to grow along nerves, including those in the orbit, leading to bulging eyes and vision problems.
Crouzon Syndrome: A genetic disorder characterized by premature fusion of certain suture lines of the bones of the skull, which can lead to bulging eyes among other facial abnormalities.
Apert Syndrome: Similar to Crouzon Syndrome, it involves premature fusion of skull bones and can cause bulging eyes, but it's associated with additional syndactyly (fused fingers and toes).