Red Wine with Least Histamine Content
Pinot Noir is generally considered the red wine with the least histamine content, making it potentially more suitable for individuals with histamine intolerance. While all red wines contain histamine, research indicates significant variation in histamine levels across different wine types.
Histamine Content in Different Wines
- Red wines generally contain higher histamine levels (60-3800 μg/L) compared to white wines (3-120 μg/L) and champagnes (15-670 μg/L) 1
- Among red wines, Pinot Noir typically contains lower histamine levels compared to other varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon or Merlot
- Freshness matters significantly - even low-histamine wines develop higher histamine content during storage 2
Factors Affecting Histamine Content in Wine
- Fermentation process: Longer fermentation typically results in higher histamine levels
- Aging: Aged wines generally contain more histamine than younger wines
- Production methods: Some winemaking techniques can influence histamine formation
- Region and grape variety: Different grapes and growing conditions affect histamine levels
Histamine Intolerance and Wine Consumption
Histamine intolerance results from an imbalance between accumulated histamine and the body's capacity for histamine degradation, primarily through the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) 2. Wine intolerance symptoms may include:
- Headaches
- Flushing
- Nasal congestion
- Digestive issues
- Skin reactions
It's worth noting that some research suggests wine intolerance may not correlate directly with histamine content. One study found no significant differences in adverse reactions between wines with low (0.4 mg/L) and high (13.8 mg/L) histamine content 3. This suggests other components in wine may also trigger reactions.
Recommendations for Those with Histamine Sensitivity
- Choose younger Pinot Noir wines when consuming red wine
- Consider white wines or champagnes, which generally contain less histamine 1
- Consume wine in moderation and when fresh
- Consider taking DAO supplements before wine consumption (though evidence for effectiveness is limited) 2
- Be aware that alcohol itself inhibits DAO enzyme activity, potentially worsening histamine intolerance regardless of the wine's histamine content 4
Important Caution
For individuals with severe histamine intolerance or those who experience significant reactions to wine, complete avoidance of all alcoholic beverages may be necessary, as alcohol inhibits the diamine oxidase enzyme that breaks down histamine 4. If you experience severe reactions like difficulty breathing or significant drops in blood pressure after wine consumption, seek immediate medical attention.