What causes pericarditis?

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Last updated: August 11, 2025View editorial policy

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Causes of Pericarditis

Pericarditis is most commonly caused by viral infections in developed countries, while tuberculosis is the leading cause worldwide, especially in developing countries where TB is endemic. 1

Infectious Causes

Viral Causes

  • Most common etiology in developed countries (80-90% of cases) 1, 2
  • Common viral agents include:
    • Enteroviruses (Coxsackie virus A+B)
    • Echoviruses
    • Adenoviruses
    • Cytomegalovirus (especially in immunocompromised patients)
    • Epstein-Barr virus
    • Herpes simplex virus
    • Influenza viruses
    • Parvovirus B19
    • Hepatitis C virus
    • HIV 1

Bacterial Causes

  • Tuberculosis (TB)
    • Leading cause worldwide and in developing countries
    • Often associated with HIV infection, especially in sub-Saharan Africa 1
  • Other bacterial infections:
    • Staphylococcus aureus
    • Klebsiella pneumoniae
    • Mycobacterium avium 1

Fungal Infections

  • Less common but can occur, especially in immunocompromised patients 1

Non-Infectious Causes

Autoimmune Conditions (Common)

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Sjögren syndrome
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Scleroderma
  • Systemic vasculitides (e.g., eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
  • Behçet syndrome
  • Sarcoidosis 1

Neoplastic Causes

  • Primary tumors (rare) - pericardial mesothelioma
  • Secondary metastatic tumors (common)
    • Lung cancer
    • Breast cancer
    • Lymphoma 1

Metabolic Disorders

  • Uremia
  • Myxedema
  • Anorexia nervosa 1

Traumatic and Iatrogenic Causes

  • Early onset (rare):
    • Direct injury (penetrating thoracic injury, esophageal perforation)
    • Indirect injury (non-penetrating thoracic injury, radiation injury)
  • Delayed onset (common):
    • Post-myocardial infarction syndrome
    • Post-pericardiotomy syndrome
    • Post-traumatic pericarditis
    • Iatrogenic trauma (e.g., coronary percutaneous intervention, pacemaker insertion, radiofrequency ablation) 1

Drug-Related Causes (Rare)

  • Lupus-like syndrome: procainamide, hydralazine, methyldopa, isoniazid, phenytoin
  • Antineoplastic drugs: doxorubicin, daunorubicin
  • Other medications: amiodarone, methysergide, mesalazine, clozapine, minoxidil, dantrolene, phenylbutazone, thiazides, streptomycin, sulfa drugs, cyclosporine, anti-TNF agents 1, 3

Other Causes

  • Hypertension and chronic heart failure (common)
  • Congenital partial or complete absence of the pericardium (uncommon) 1

Pathophysiology

Inflammatory mechanisms in viral pericarditis involve:

  • Direct viral attack on pericardial tissue
  • Immune response (antiviral or anticardiac)
  • Viral genomic fragments in pericardial tissue serving as antigens to stimulate immune responses
  • Deposits of IgM, IgG, and occasionally IgA can persist in the pericardium for years 1

Clinical Implications

  • The etiology varies based on epidemiological background, patient population, and clinical setting 1
  • Recurrences affect approximately 30% of patients within 18 months after a first episode of acute pericarditis 1
  • In-hospital mortality rate for acute pericarditis is approximately 1.1%, increasing with age and severe co-infections 1
  • Patients with fever >38°C, subacute course, large effusion or tamponade, and failure to respond to NSAIDs require more extensive evaluation and possible hospitalization 4

Understanding the specific cause of pericarditis is crucial for appropriate treatment and prevention of recurrence, with diagnostic evaluation directed according to clinical presentation and suspicion of specific etiologies.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Diagnosing pericarditis.

American family physician, 2002

Guideline

Diagnosis and Management of Pericarditis

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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