Piriformis syndrome: This condition is characterized by compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle, leading to pain in the gluteal region. It is a common cause of buttock pain and is often related to overuse or repetitive activities.

Muscle strain: Overstretching or tearing of the gluteal muscles can cause pain, especially after physical activity or trauma.
Trochanteric bursitis: Inflammation of the bursa located at the outer aspect of the hip can cause pain in the gluteal region, often related to repetitive friction or direct trauma.
Sciatica: Irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve can cause pain radiating down the back of the leg, including the gluteal area, often due to a herniated disc or spinal stenosis.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): Although less common, DVT can cause pain in the gluteal region, especially if the clot extends into the pelvic veins. Missing this diagnosis can be life-threatening due to the risk of pulmonary embolism.
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: This condition, also known as avascular necrosis, can cause pain in the hip and gluteal area due to inadequate blood supply to the bone. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent collapse of the femoral head.
Infection or abscess: Bacterial infections, such as a gluteal abscess, can cause severe pain and require prompt antibiotic treatment or drainage to prevent serious complications.

Gluteal compartment syndrome: A rare condition characterized by increased pressure within the gluteal compartment, leading to pain, swelling, and potentially serious complications if not treated promptly.
Neoplastic processes: Tumors, such as soft tissue sarcomas, can cause pain in the gluteal region, although this is a rare occurrence.
Inflammatory conditions: Certain inflammatory diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis, can cause gluteal pain, although this is less common compared to other symptoms.