From the Research
Causes of Singultus (Hiccups)
- Hiccups are controlled by a complex reflex arc between peripheral receptors and the brainstem, and any disruption along this pathway may produce hiccups 1
- The most common cause of hiccups involves gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 1, 2
- Other causes of hiccups include:
- Overdistension of the stomach 3
- Gastritis 3
- Neurological disorders 4, 3
- Cardiovascular disorders 4, 3
- Pulmonary disorders 4, 3
- Infectious disorders 4, 3
- Psychogenic disorders 4, 3
- Physical/chemical factors, inflammation, neoplasia invading the reflex arc 4
- Lesions along the reflex arc, such as tumors, myocardial ischemia, herpes infection 4
- Applied instrumentations on the human body 4
- Various drugs, such as anti-parkinsonism drugs, anesthetic agents, steroids, and chemotherapies 4
Pathophysiological Mechanism
- Hiccups are characterized by the sudden onset of erratic diaphragmatic and intercostal muscle contraction, followed by laryngeal closure 4
- The abrupt air rush into the lungs elicits a "hic" sound 4
- Closure of the glottis may be caused by an active contraction or by a passive, sudden myoclonic contraction of the inspiratory musculature, leading to a rapid reduction in intrathoracic pressure 5