Differential Diagnosis for Numbness of the Tongue

Single Most Likely Diagnosis

• Vitamin B12 deficiency: A common cause of numbness or tingling sensations in the tongue and other parts of the body, due to its role in the production of myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibers.

Other Likely Diagnoses

• Trauma or injury to the tongue: Direct injury to the tongue or its nerves can cause numbness, which may resolve on its own or require medical attention.
• Dental problems: Issues such as a dental abscess, gum disease, or dental procedures can cause numbness of the tongue due to inflammation or nerve damage.
• Medication side effects: Certain medications, including some antidepressants, antihistamines, and blood pressure medications, can cause numbness or tingling as a side effect.
• Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins like B6 or B12, or minerals like zinc, can affect nerve function and cause numbness.

Do Not Miss Diagnoses

• Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord, leading to a wide range of neurological symptoms, including numbness or tingling in the tongue.
• Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA): Although less common, numbness of the tongue can be a symptom of a stroke or TIA, especially if accompanied by other neurological symptoms like weakness or difficulty speaking.
• Oral cancer: In rare cases, numbness of the tongue can be a symptom of oral cancer, which would require prompt medical attention.

Rare Diagnoses

• Sjögren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that can cause nerve damage and lead to numbness or tingling sensations, including in the tongue.
• Peripheral neuropathy: A condition resulting from damage to the peripheral nerves, which can cause numbness, tingling, and pain in various parts of the body, including the tongue.
• Hypothyroidism: In some cases, severe hypothyroidism can cause neuropathy, leading to numbness or tingling sensations in the tongue and other areas.