What causes hyponatremia?

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Causes of Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is primarily caused by impaired water excretion or excessive water intake, with specific etiologies classified by volume status as hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic. 1, 2

Classification by Volume Status

1. Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

  • Gastrointestinal losses: Vomiting, diarrhea, severe burns 2, 3
  • Renal losses: Diuretic therapy (especially thiazides), salt-wasting nephropathies 4
  • Third-space losses: Burns, pancreatitis, trauma 3

2. Euvolemic Hyponatremia

  • Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH): Most common cause in hospitalized patients 3, 5
  • Medications: Antiepileptics (carbamazepine), antidepressants, antipsychotics, chemotherapeutic agents (cyclophosphamide, vincristine) 6, 2
  • Endocrine disorders: Adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism 1
  • Reset osmostat syndrome: Chronic malnutrition, pregnancy 1, 3
  • Excessive water intake: Exercise-associated hyponatremia, psychogenic polydipsia 2, 7

3. Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

  • Heart failure: Activation of neurohormonal mechanisms including norepinephrine and angiotensin II 6
  • Liver cirrhosis: Decreased effective arterial blood volume 1, 3
  • Renal failure: Impaired free water excretion 2, 3

Pathophysiological Mechanisms

Impaired Water Excretion

  • Neurohormonal activation: In heart failure, norepinephrine and angiotensin II activation decrease sodium delivery to the distal tubule, while arginine vasopressin increases water absorption 6
  • Non-osmotic vasopressin release: Major mechanism in most cases of hyponatremia 7
  • Renal concentrating defects: Patients with significant renal concentrating defects (e.g., nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) may develop hyponatremia 6

Excessive Water Intake

  • Iatrogenic: Inappropriate IV fluid administration, particularly hypotonic fluids 6
  • Behavioral: Excessive free water consumption during exercise or psychogenic polydipsia 2, 5

Special Considerations

Medication-Induced Hyponatremia

  • Diuretics: Thiazide diuretics are more commonly associated with hyponatremia than loop diuretics 4
  • High-risk medications: Desmopressin, carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, vincristine 6

High-Risk Populations

  • Women: More sensitive to hyponatremic injury 7
  • Elderly: More susceptible due to age-related changes in water regulation 3
  • Postoperative patients: Particularly after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenoma 1
  • Patients with comorbidities: Heart disease, liver disease, renal dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency 6, 1

Clinical Pearls and Pitfalls

  • Hyponatremia can develop rapidly in susceptible patients, especially with thiazide diuretics 4
  • Even patients receiving isotonic maintenance IV fluids can develop hyponatremia if they receive IV medications containing free water or consume additional free water enterally 6
  • Determining the patient's volume status is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and management 1, 2
  • Rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia can lead to osmotic demyelination syndrome, a potentially devastating neurological complication 5

Remember that hyponatremia severity is classified as mild (130-135 mEq/L), moderate (125-129 mEq/L), or severe (<125 mEq/L), with symptoms ranging from mild (nausea, headache) to severe (seizures, altered consciousness) 1, 2.

References

Guideline

Management of Postoperative Hyponatremia

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Management of hyponatremia.

American family physician, 2004

Research

Diuretic-induced hyponatremia.

American journal of nephrology, 1999

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Hyponatremia: clinical diagnosis and management.

The American journal of medicine, 2007

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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