From the Guidelines
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) deficiency is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiac mortality, particularly in individuals without a prior history of CHD, as evidenced by the inverse association between ALA intake and CHD mortality in the Singapore Chinese Health Study 1. The association between ALA intake and CHD risk has been investigated in several studies, with some showing a significant inverse association, particularly when ALA intake is compared with the lowest quintile of intake.
- The Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) found that intake of ALA was inversely associated with myocardial infarction (MI) and total CHD, but only when long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n-3 PUFA) intake was < 100 mg/d 1.
- The Singapore Chinese Health Study found that ALA intake was inversely associated with CHD mortality when comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of intake, with a significant association only in individuals without prior history of CHD 1.
- The Nurses' Health Study (NHS) found that fatal CHD was inversely associated with the highest quintile of intake of ALA, but non-fatal CHD was not significantly associated 1. The evidence suggests that increasing ALA intake to at least 0.8-1.0 g/d may be beneficial in reducing the risk of CHD and cardiac mortality 1. However, the optimal dose and duration of ALA supplementation are not well established, and more research is needed to confirm these findings.
- Additionally, it is essential to consider the overall dietary pattern and lifestyle factors, such as avoiding saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids, and maintaining a healthy weight, to reduce the risk of CHD and other cardiovascular diseases.
- Regular follow-up with healthcare providers and monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors is crucial for optimal management and prevention of CHD.
From the Research
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) Deficiency
There are no research papers provided to directly answer the question about Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) deficiency and its associated risks or complications.
Related Research on Vitamin E
However, the provided studies focus on Vitamin E, which is a different nutrient. The research papers discuss the benefits and risks of Vitamin E supplementation, its role in human health, and its relationship with chronic diseases [(2,3)].
- The studies suggest that Vitamin E has antioxidant properties and may help prevent chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease [(2,3)].
- However, high doses of Vitamin E supplements may have adverse effects, including increased all-cause mortality 2.
- Vitamin E deficiency can cause neurological symptoms, and supplementation can improve cognitive function and neurologic recovery [(4,5)].
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with alterations in Vitamin E metabolism and function, and Vitamin E therapy may have promising results in preventing cardiovascular disease and other complications 6.
Limitations
The provided studies do not directly address Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) deficiency, and therefore, do not provide information on its associated risks or complications [(2,3,4,5,6)].