What is the measurement of one square on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

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ECG Grid Measurements: Standard Dimensions

On a standard electrocardiogram (ECG), one small square measures 1 mm × 1 mm, which equals 0.1 mV vertically and 0.04 seconds (40 ms) horizontally. 1

Standard ECG Calibration and Measurements

Vertical Axis (Amplitude)

  • 1 small square (1 mm) = 0.1 mV
  • 5 small squares (5 mm) = 0.5 mV
  • 10 small squares (10 mm) = 1.0 mV

Horizontal Axis (Time)

  • 1 small square (1 mm) = 0.04 seconds (40 ms)
  • 5 small squares (5 mm) = 0.20 seconds (200 ms)
  • Large square (5 mm × 5 mm) = 0.20 seconds (200 ms)

Paper Speed

  • Standard paper speed: 25 mm/second 2
  • This standardization ensures consistent time measurements across different ECG machines

Clinical Significance of ECG Grid Measurements

Voltage Measurements

  • QRS voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) depend on accurate measurement of amplitudes 1
  • For example, Sokolow-Lyon criterion uses the sum of SV1 and RV5 or RV6 amplitudes
  • Cornell voltage criterion uses the sum of SV3 and RaVL

Interval Measurements

  • Normal PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds (3-5 small squares) 2
  • Normal QRS duration: ≤0.10 seconds (≤2.5 small squares) 2
  • QT interval varies with heart rate: typically ≤0.44 seconds in men and ≤0.46 seconds in women 2

ST-Segment Elevation Criteria

  • ST elevation thresholds for myocardial infarction diagnosis 1:
    • Men ≥40 years: ≥0.2 mV (2 mm) in V2-V3, ≥0.1 mV (1 mm) in other leads
    • Men <40 years: ≥0.25 mV (2.5 mm) in V2-V3
    • Women: ≥0.15 mV (1.5 mm) in V2-V3, ≥0.1 mV (1 mm) in other leads

Technical Considerations

Filtering Effects

  • Excessive filtering can distort important diagnostic features 2
  • High-pass filters set too high (>0.5 Hz) may distort ST segments
  • Low-pass filters set too low (<100 Hz) can reduce QRS amplitude

Digitization and Measurement

  • Modern ECG machines convert analog signals to digital form before processing 1
  • Initial sampling rates in modern systems can be as high as 10,000-15,000 samples per second 1
  • This oversampling improves detection of narrow features like pacemaker spikes

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Using non-standard calibration settings without documentation
  • Failing to recognize when ECG machines are not set to standard calibration (sometimes used for very large QRS complexes)
  • Misinterpreting ECG measurements when paper speed is different from standard (e.g., 50 mm/second instead of 25 mm/second)
  • Overlooking the effects of digital filtering on ECG morphology

Understanding these standard measurements is essential for accurate ECG interpretation and diagnosis of cardiac conditions that depend on precise measurement of intervals, durations, and amplitudes.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Electrocardiograma Estándar

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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