Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): This is often the most common cause of hematuria (blood in urine), especially in women. UTIs can cause inflammation and irritation in the urinary tract, leading to bleeding.

Kidney Stones: Stones in the kidney or bladder can cause bleeding due to the irritation and damage they inflict on the urinary tract lining.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of the prostate gland can lead to urinary retention and bleeding, especially in older men.
Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder, which can be caused by infections, irritants, or other factors, leading to hematuria.

Bladder Cancer: Although less common, bladder cancer is a critical diagnosis not to miss, as it can present with painless hematuria.
Kidney Cancer: Similar to bladder cancer, kidney cancer can cause hematuria and is crucial to diagnose early for effective treatment.
Trauma: Physical injury to the urinary tract, such as from a car accident or a fall, can cause bleeding and must be promptly identified and treated.

Alport Syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the type IV collagen in the body, leading to kidney disease, hearing loss, and eye abnormalities, and can cause hematuria.
Goodpasture Syndrome: A rare autoimmune disease that can cause kidney inflammation and bleeding, often accompanied by lung hemorrhage.
Sickle Cell Disease: A genetic disorder that affects hemoglobin production, can cause episodes of hematuria due to sickling of red blood cells in the kidneys.
Nephrocalcinosis: A condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in the renal tissue, which can lead to hematuria among other symptoms.