From the Guidelines
Synephrine is primarily found in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), a plant that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. This compound is concentrated in the peel, fruit, and juice of bitter orange, and has a chemical structure similar to ephedrine, acting as a sympathomimetic agent 1.
Key Points
- Synephrine is a naturally occurring alkaloid with thermogenic and appetite-suppressing effects
- Bitter orange extract has gained popularity as a dietary supplement ingredient, particularly after ephedra was banned
- Other citrus fruits like Seville oranges, mandarin oranges, and grapefruits also contain synephrine, but in much lower concentrations
- Synephrine may cause cardiovascular effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, so individuals with cardiovascular conditions should exercise caution when consuming products containing this compound
Clinical Considerations
When considering the use of synephrine-containing products, it is essential to weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks, particularly in individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions 1.
Evidence-Based Recommendation
The use of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) as a source of synephrine should be approached with caution, particularly in individuals with cardiovascular conditions, due to the potential for increased heart rate and blood pressure.
From the Research
Plant Containing Synephrine
- The plant that contains synephrine, a sympathetic nervous system stimulant, is Citrus aurantium, also known as bitter orange 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Characteristics of Synephrine
- Synephrine is a natural protoalkaloid with structural similarity to ephedrine and adrenaline 3.
- It is a weak adrenergic agonist, acting primarily through β3-adrenergic receptors, stimulating lipolysis 3.
Sources of Synephrine
- Synephrine can be found in citrus fruits, particularly in the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) 2.
- It is also present in juices and foods derived from a variety of Citrus species 5.