Differential Diagnosis for White Spots in the Mouth
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Oral Thrush (Candidiasis): This is the most common cause of white spots in the mouth, especially in immunocompromised individuals, those wearing dentures, or after a course of antibiotics. It's characterized by white patches that can be wiped off, leaving a red base.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Leukoplakia: A condition where thick, white patches or lesions develop on the tongue, the bottom of the mouth, or inside the cheeks, often linked to chronic irritation or tobacco use.
- Lichen Planus: An inflammatory condition that can affect the mucous membranes inside the mouth, leading to white, lacy patches; it's often associated with autoimmune diseases.
- Oral Keratosis: A condition characterized by an overgrowth of keratin, leading to white patches or lesions in the mouth, which can be benign but may also be a precursor to oral cancer.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Oral Cancer: Although less common, white spots in the mouth can be an early sign of oral cancer, particularly if they are persistent, grow, or are accompanied by other symptoms like difficulty swallowing or a lump in the neck.
- Syphilis (Secondary): In its secondary stage, syphilis can cause a variety of oral manifestations, including white patches or mucous patches in the mouth, which are highly infectious.
Rare Diagnoses
- Pemphigus Vulgaris: A rare autoimmune disease that can cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes, including the mouth, leading to white patches or lesions.
- Darier's Disease: A genetic disorder that affects the skin and sometimes the mucous membranes, leading to white or yellowish patches in the mouth.
- White Sponge Nevus: A rare, benign condition that causes white, spongy patches in the mouth, typically on the buccal mucosa, due to mutations in the keratin genes.